Transcript From Celts to Napoleon

EUROPE
WHAT UNITES US?
 The Celts
 The Greeks
 The Romans
 Christianity
 Charlemagne
 Napoleon
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Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
Thursday, 01 September 2005
The Celts – 500 BC to 43 AD
A Celtish Chieftain
Who were
The Celts?
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Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
Thursday, 01 September 2005
The Celts – 500 BC to 43 AD
Modern Celts,
reliving the past
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Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
Thursday, 01 September 2005
The Celts – 500 BC to 43 AD
Celtish History and Influence
•
in 500 BC, Celts were dominant European power
•
they had expanded from southern Germany
•
not a nation, more a conferation of tribes with shared culture
•
influence stretched from Spain to Britain, Germany and Northern Italy and as
far as Anatolia
•
they were tribal farmers gathered around their Chiefs’strongholds
•
they were bound together by the Druids; learned priests, lawmakers, bards &
sages
•
Celts also had artists, musicians & metalworkers
•
they traded with Rome, Greece & other countries, but were not much
influenced by them
•
conquered by Romans, then Anglo-Saxons, they left lasting culture
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Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
Thursday, 01 September 2005
The Celts – 400 to 800 BC
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Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
Thursday, 01 September 2005
The Celts – 500 BC to 43 AD
•
each Celt was a freeman with individual rights
•
Druidic justice was famous and tribal bonds strong
•
chiefs were elected by tribespeople, and high-kings by the Chiefs
•
both could be deposed if not doing well
•
they were fierce warriors; and used iron for weapons and tools
•
in 390 BC they sacked Rome & in 280 BC they raided Greece & Anatolia
•
they also fought amongst themselves; the Romans exploited this when invading
Gaul (France) & Britain
•
the British leader (Caractarus) was betrayed by other Celts
•
disunited, the Celts lost their independence in 43 to 80 AD
•
they later accepted Roman rule and fought for them against Germanic barbarians
(The Celts & their languages - the Breton Language)
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Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
Thursday, 01 September 2005
The Celts Today:

Celtic culture is well documented and preserved

millions of people on different continents identify with the culture

something of a Celtic Renaissance is taking place
What is a "Celt"?
Someone who …

… claims Celtic ancestry

… identifies with Celtic culture

… wishes to think of themselves as being Celtic, or even as a Celt
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Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
Thursday, 01 September 2005
The Celts Today - Where are they?
Ireland

Irish Gaelic, a Celtic language, is one of the official
languages of Ireland

Gaelic is taught in schools

there are "Gaeltacht" areas, as in parts of Co. Donegal,
where the use of Gaelic by native speakers is officially
encouraged by the government

according to the World Book Encyclopedia, one in five people in Ireland can speak
Gaelic (about 700,000 people), and one in 20 speak Gaelic every day (about 100,000
people)

the World Almanac says that the majority ethnic group of Ireland is "Celtic," and
that there is an English minority

economic regeneration has helped the renaissance of the culture

Ireland is claimed by some to be the world's only Celtic nation state
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Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
Thursday, 01 September 2005
The Celts Today - Where are they?
The USA

millions of Americans claim Irish descent

Irish immigrants have always valued their Gaelic roots

presidents often travel to Ireland to trace their roots, e.g. Kennedy

St. Patrick's Day has become a general celebration

Irish pubs are very fashionable

there is even a professional basketball team named after the Celts

till recently (9/11), many Irish Americans supported the IRA
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Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
Thursday, 01 September 2005
The Celts Today - Where are they?
Wales
 great resurgence of Welsh nationalism in recent
years
 revived interest in Welsh language; taught in
schools; popular television station broadcasts all
its programs in Celtic Welsh; Welsh cartoon
series and animated programs for children
 Welsh flag shown prominently on many occasions
 government obliged to use bilingual road signs
 some towns renamed with old Celtish version:
Dyfed, Clwyd, Gynedd, and Powys
 cultural festivals such as the annual Eistedfod
extremely popular
Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
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Thursday, 01 September 2005
The Celts Today - Where are they?
Scotland

over 80,000 people still speak Scottish Gaelic, mostly in
highlands and islands

other Celtic elements include references to the clans,
bagpipe music, interest in tartan plaids and kilts, Scottish
field games, and Scottish step-dancing

strong nationalist element in Scotland; 1999, creation of
Scottish Parliament
Brittany

pan-Celtic festival held annually in Lorient

several times a year there are celebrations called
Pardons which preserve Celtic Breton culture

many links between Brittany & Ireland

many Irish pubs with regular live Celtic music
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Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
Thursday, 01 September 2005
A United Europe? A Common Heritage?
The Legacy
of Antiquity
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Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
Thursday, 01 September 2005
Classical Greece – 600 to 337 BC
LINK
LINK 2
• independent ‘city-states’ (‘polis’) grew up
• surrounding mountains provided protection
• they built encircling walls and a fort (‘acropolis’) was built on a high
place inside
• Athens & Sparta were the two most important of many
• each had own customs, laws & forms of government
• they tended to expand towards Black Sea & Africa
• they were very competitive with each other
• they fought hard for freedom, especially against the Persians
• they were traders, sailors & adventurers
• also philosophers: influenced many faraway cultures
• built philosophies based on observation, reason & discussion
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Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
Thursday, 01 September 2005
Classical Greece – 600 to 337 BC
(the importance of the
Battle of Marathon)
A biography of
Alexander the Great
• they triumphed at Battles of Marathon & Salamis around 480BC
• from 431 they spent over 25 years fighting each other in the
Peloponnesian War
• Sparta feared the growth of Athenian power, so the city-states never
became a united country
• city-states united to fight off the Persians
• disunity resulted in invasion by Philip II of Macedonia, father of
Alexander the Great They gave us language, architecture,
philosophy and democracy …..
More photos
of Ancient Greece
The Parthenon one / two / three
The Elgin
Marbles
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Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
Thursday, 01 September 2005
• sons of freemen went to school
• girls were taught weaving & household skills by mothers
• at 6 or 7, boys learned reading, writing, music, dancing & athletics
• they wrote on wax tablets, using a stick called a ‘stylus’
Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
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Thursday, 01 September 2005
• a new Greek colony is established
• Inside the city wall will be a marketplace, temples, law
courts, houses, workshops and council chambers
Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
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Thursday, 01 September 2005
A United Europe? A Common Heritage?
Rome Republic
& Empire
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Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
Thursday, 01 September 2005
The Founding of Rome - 753 to 509 BC
BBC
LINK
LINK
LINK
• legend has it that Rome was founded by local tribespeople who camped on
Rome's 7 hills
• the people were Sabines and Latins; Romulus was their first King
• they were influenced by their neighbours the Etruscans and traders from
Greece & Carthage
• the Etruscans, from Etruria, lived in city-states emerging around 800 BC
• they were farmers, metalworkers, seafarers & traders, and liked music,
games & gambling
• they were greatly influenced by the Greeks and worshipped Greek Gods
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Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
Thursday, 01 September 2005
The Founding of Rome - 753 to 509 BC
LINK
• early Rome was ruled by Kings, who
formed armies to defend Rome
• the kings had disputes with the
patricians, the leading families
• the patricians were more representative
of a changing, more urbanised Rome
• they eventually overthrew the monarchy
in 509 BC, leading to the Republic
• this was the first republic in the world
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Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
Thursday, 01 September 2005
The Roman Republic – 509 to 27 BC
LINK
• Rome was run in the 5th century BC by ‘patricians’ (lords, the ruling class)
• there was a struggle between Patricians and Plebians (ordinary people)
• this led to the writing of a legal code and the Roman Republic
• Rome embarked on wars that led to control of all the Italian peninsular
• Rome clashed with Carthage over trade in the Mediterranean, leading to
Punic Wars lasting 60 years
• Rome established new cities, organisation and prosperity, giving
conquered peoples Roman citizenship if they cooperated
• by 44 BC they ruled France, Spain, Europe south of the Danube, Anatolia
& Northern Africa
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Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
Thursday, 01 September 2005
The Roman Empire – built on military power
the sad story of
Hannibal & Carthage
one
two
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Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
Thursday, 01 September 2005
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Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
Thursday, 01 September 2005
The Roman Empire – 27 BC to 475 AD
Pompeii
LINK
•
in 100 BC, friction arose between patricians and plebians again
•
power struggles between generals led to civil war
•
in 44 BC, Julius Caesar became Emperor for Life, but alarmed Republicans
assassinated him, and the Republic collapsed
•
Romans chose dictatorship to chaos, and Octavian gradually took control
•
under him, trade extended as far as East Africa, India & China
•
the Empire expanded and built roads, towns and cities
•
Emperors relied more on the army than on the people
•
most Emperors chose their successors; some were deposed by soldiers
•
from 100 AD, Rome was ruled by strong Emperors: Trajan, Hadrian, Antonius &
Marcus Aurelius
•
by 117 AD, the Empire had grown too large; soldiers could no longer be paid with
booty, slaves and land taken from those conquered
•
the last conquests were in Britain, Syria, Palestine & Egypt; most conquered people
adapted to Roman life
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Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
Thursday, 01 September 2005
The Romans
great builders of antiquity
The Romans were master
bridge- builders, not only
for transport of people and
goods, but also for water.
They built magnificent
aquaducts all over their
Empire, and some are
still in use today.
Hadrian's Wall between
Scotland & England
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Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
Thursday, 01 September 2005
The Romans
great builders
of antiquity
famous monuments
Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
• fast communications, meaning good roads,
were one of the Romans’ greatest assets in
the conquest and control of their Empire
• most of their roads were straight; many of
the routes they followed can still be seen to
this day
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Thursday, 01 September 2005
The Roman Empire, 2nd century AD
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Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
Thursday, 01 September 2005
The Roman Empire – built on military power
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Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
Thursday, 01 September 2005
The Roman Empire – built on military power
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Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
Thursday, 01 September 2005
The Roman Empire – built on military power
The Battle of Alesia - 52 BC
Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
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Thursday, 01 September 2005
The Cultural & Linguistic Legacy of Rome
The Roman Empire at its height under Trajan, 337 ad
Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
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Thursday, 01 September 2005
The Cultural & Linguistic Legacy of Rome
The Importance of Latin
•
Latin brought to Italy about 1000 BC by Indo-European immigrants from Northern
Europe. As people in Latium developed into organized community, city of Rome in,
according to legend, 753 BC
•
Latin quickly spread over much of Italy, in direct correlation to Roman conquests
•
with foundation of Roman Empire, large portion of western world came to speak
various forms of Latin or combine it with own tongues
•
"classical" Latin developed in city of Rome and environs; a spoken vernacular
form of Latin was carried by Roman army to all Roman provinces
•
Latin thus superceded pre-Roman dialects of Italy, Gaul and Spain
•
some expressions of the original languages remained and, once mixed with the
spoken Latin, gave birth to new languages known as the Romance languages
•
only the deeply rooted Greek language resisted Latin domination and continued
to be spoken in its original form
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Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
Thursday, 01 September 2005
The Cultural & Linguistic Legacy of Rome
The Importance of Latin
 Latin also survived fall of Roman Empire; as centuries passed it continued
to be an international language of educated and social elite, accompanying the
modified tongues of the common people
 Latin often an international Lingua Franca between different peoples; use among
educated people survived for centuries
 the sole language of the Catholic Church was Latin
 all scholarly, historical, or scientific work was written in it up to end of Renaissance
 when Middle Ages ended, the west experienced a cultural Renaissance; interest in
Antiquity & classical Latin as a means of artistic and literary expression grew
 during and after this period of rebirth, forms of Latin even transplanted to
the Western Hemisphere; today, the people of Mexico, Central America, and
South America are called Latins or latinos
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Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
Thursday, 01 September 2005
The Cultural & Linguistic Legacy of Rome
The Importance of Latin
•
Latin is the bedrock of Western European languages
•
the Romance languages of Spain, France, Italy, Portugal, and Romania developed
from a hybrid version of spoken Latin and native tongues
•
each also influenced in turn by other tongues, such as Slavic, Norse and
many Germanic dialects
•
of these modern languages, Romanian, not Italian, remains the closest
language to the original
•
without Latin, very few of today's European languages would be possible
or recognizable in their current forms
living
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Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
Thursday, 01 September 2005
The Cultural & Linguistic Legacy of Rome
The Latin Language
AMARE = to love
INSULA = an island
amo
I love
insula
nominative (subject)
amas
you love
insula
you love
amat
he/she loves
insulam
accusative (object)
amamus
we love
insulae
genitive
amatis
you love
insulae
dative
amant
they love
insula
ablative
• an amateur photographer
(= lover of photography)
• an amorous look …
• I’m not enamoured of …
• an example of insular thought
• I live on a peninsular. (pen = almost)
• The machine is poorly insulated.
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Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
Thursday, 01 September 2005
The Cultural & Linguistic Legacy of Rome
The Latin Language – noun inflections
INSULA = an island
insula
nominative (subject)
Insula bella est.
insula
you love
O insula, te amo
insulam
accusative (object)
Insulam amo
insulae
genitive
Insulae dicit.
insulae
dative
Historiam insulae amo
insula
ablative
Puer insulae est.
.
.
Some latin phrases
.
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Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
Thursday, 01 September 2005
The Cultural & Linguistic Legacy of Rome
Roman Architecture
Roman monuments can be found in most parts
of Western Europe. They are very familiar to all
Europeans, and a permanent reminder of the
Roman Legacy
The Colosseum, Rome
Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
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Thursday, 01 September 2005
The Cultural & Linguistic Legacy of Rome
Roman Architecture
The Colosseum, Rome
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Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
Thursday, 01 September 2005
The Cultural & Linguistic Legacy of Rome
Roman Architecture
Roman baths at Bath, England
Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
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Thursday, 01 September 2005
The Cultural & Linguistic Legacy of Rome
Aqueduct, Segovia, Spain
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Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
Thursday, 01 September 2005
The Cultural & Linguistic Legacy of Rome
Le Pont du Gard, Nîmes, France
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Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
Thursday, 01 September 2005
A Christian
Europe?
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Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
Thursday, 01 September 2005
Christianity
• Christianity fundamental to the history of Europe
• around time JC was born, many different sects in Roman Empire
• by 400 AD, Christianity dominant
• Jews had long believed a Saviour would be born to lead them
• Jesus in Nazareth under Roman rule
• little known of early life, but in 27 AD he began preaching
• told many parables and performed miracles of healing
• the Jewish authorities accused him of blasphemy
• the Romans under Pontius Pilate tried and crucified him
• believed to have come to life again after three days (Resurrection)
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Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
Thursday, 01 September 2005
Jesus Christ - Preacher
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Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
Thursday, 01 September 2005
"The Last Supper" - by Leonardo da Vinci
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Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
Thursday, 01 September 2005
The Crucifixion
of Jesus Christ
by the Romans
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Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
Thursday, 01 September 2005
•
•
•
•
Christians were persecuted for their faith
many died cruelly in the Romans' amphitheatres
the Emperor Constantine recognized Christianity in 313 AD
said to have adopted the Christian symbol by painting it on his soldiers'
shields before a successful battle
• thanks to him, Christianity became deeply rooted by the 5th century
Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
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Thursday, 01 September 2005
The Carolingian
Empire under
Charlemagne
814
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Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
Thursday, 01 September 2005
Napoléon
Bonaparte
David, Jacques-Louis 1748-1825
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Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
Thursday, 01 September 2005
Napoléon's
Empire
1812
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Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
Thursday, 01 September 2005
Napoléon Bonaparte
 born in Corsica; joined French army; general by age 26; captured North Italy 1797
 invaded Egypt, but Nelson destroyed fleet ain 1798
 1799: returned France & seized control, appointing three Consuls to run France
 1804 crowned himself Emperor
 many reforms: europe-wide laws, better educational system, reorganized government,
created national bank
 believed in Meritocracy; founded "Légion d'Honneur"
 had vast conscript army - up to 750,000 men
 lost Battle of Trafalgar against Nelson in 1805
 invaded Spain 1808; expelled by Duke of Wellington of Britain 12 1812
 brilliant general, but disaster in Russia in 1812: only 10,000 men survived out of
500,000
 defeated at Leipzig by Allies led by Prussians under von Blücher
 France invaded 1814,; Napoléon went into exile
 escaped, landed in France for the the "100 days"
 defeated at Waterloo by Wellington
 exiled to Saint Helena, died in 1821
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Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
Thursday, 01 September 2005
Napoléon Bonaparte - his legacy
 Code Napoléon was the French civil code, established March 21, 1804
 based on Roman law - the first legal code to be established in a country with a civil
legal system
 followed Justinian's Corpus Juris Civilis in dividing civil law into:
- personal status;
- property;
- acquisition of property
 other countries soon copied idea, and developed their own codes, of which Swiss,
 German and Austrian codes were most influential
 civil law systems of the countries of modern Europe, with the exception of the United
Kingdom, Ireland, Russia, and the Scandinavian countries have, to different degrees,
been influenced by the Napoleonic Code - Code has thus been the most permanent
legacy of Napoleon
 intention behind Napoleonic Code was to reform the French legal system in
accordance with the principles of the French Revolution; before the Code, France did
not have a single set of laws - The vestiges of feudalism were abolished, and the
many different legal systems used in different parts of France were replaced by a
single legal code
 Code dealt only with civil law issues; other codes were also published dealing
with criminal law and commercial law
Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
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Thursday, 01 September 2005
The Arc de Triomphe, Paris
Info
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Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
Thursday, 01 September 2005
Napoléon Bonaparte - his legacy





dragged much of Europe into modern world
His reforms marked definitive end of feudal era
created concept of professional army
plunged Europe into war for 15 years
gave France an authentic and enduring hero
AND???
1. Anguilla
1. Afghanistan
2. Antigua and Barbuda
2. Albania
3. Australia
3. Algeria
4. Bahamas
4. American Samoa
5. Bangladesh
5. Andorra
6. Barbados
6. Angola
7. Bermuda
7. Argentina
8. Bhutan
8. Armenia
9. Botswana
9. Aruba
10. Brunei
10. Austria
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Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA
Thursday, 01 September 2005