Transcript THE SECOND WORLD WAR PART II

THE IMPACT OF VERSAILLES
HITLER GAINS POWER
THE MAKING OF A CHANCELLOR &
THE BEGINNING
WWI ARMISTICE SIGNING
AT COMPIEGNE, FRANCE
MARSHALL FOCH,
(AMERICAN
EXPEDITIONARY FORCE)
2ND FROM R
OBJECTIVESSTUDENTS WILL BE ABLE TO…
1. Learn the motives and aims of the Treaty of Versailles
2. Understand the terms that the Treaty imposed on Germany
3. Learn about Germany's reaction to the Treaty of Versailles
4. Discuss whether the terms of the Treaty were fair
5. Discuss whether the Treaty contributed to the rise to power
of the Nazi Party in Germany
6. Understand Hitler’s rise to power and the plight of the
German people under his influence
7. Analyze the ultimate effects of Germany’s situation upon
the U.S.
COPY OF VERSAILLES
TREATY, SIGNED 28 JUNE
1919
(L to R) David Lloyd George (Britain), Vittorio
Orlando (Italy), Georges Clemenceau (France),
Woodrow Wilson (USA)
SIGNING IN THE
HALL OF
MIRRORS AT
VERSAILLES
PALACE
MASS DEMONSTRATION IN FRONT OF REICHSTAG (GERMAN
PARLIAMENT) AGAINST TREATY OF VERSAILLES
 ALMOST TOTALLY DISARMED INDEFINITELY
 ARMY NO MORE 100,000
 6 WARSHIPS GREATER 10,000 TONS
 NO SUBMARINES
 NO MILITARY AIRCRAFT
 GERMAN WEST BANK OF RHINE OCCUPIED BY
ALLIED TROOPS
 PAY REPARATIONS – WAR DEBTS
 GERMANY LOST LARGE AMTS. TERRITORY AND
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POPULATION
POLAND MADE INDEPENDENT STATE
DANZIG – FREE CITY INSIDE GERMANY
ALSACE-LORRAINE – RETURNED TO FRANCE
SAARLAND (SAAR BASIN) OCCUPIED BY ALLIES
15 YEARS
LOST COLONIES IN AFRICA, PACIFIC, CHINA
 13% PREWAR TERRITORY
 10% POPULATION
 75% IRON ORE
 25% BEST QUALITY COAL
 EFFECTS…RESENTMENT AND HATRED
VERSAILLES TREATY…
“A DOCUMENT OF HATRED AND DELUSION”
“A PEACE OF VIOLENCE”
 GERMAN POLITICS…
 LEFT – HARDLY EXISTED, NOT INFLUENTIAL
 CENTRAL – THOSE WILLING TO NEGOTIATE, IN
FAVOR OF A REPUBLIC
 RIGHT – MILITARISTS, NATIONALISTS IN FAVOR OF
GERMANY AT THE COST OF ALL OTHERS – NAZIS
 RIGHT-WINGERS BLAMED GERMANY’S PROBLEMS
ON VERSAILLES TREATY AND “WEIMAR REPUBLIC”
 FRANCE – GIVEN BURDEN OF ENFORCING
VERSAILLES TREATY
 TOO WEAK, NO HELP, RE-BUILDING FROM WAR
 TOTAL REPARATIONS DECIDED APRIL 1921 - $40
BILLION U.S.
 ANSWER – GERMAN GOVT. PRINTS MORE
$...CREATED INFLATION
 BEFORE WAR: 4 MARKS – 1 DOLLAR
 1922: 162 MARKS – 1 DOLLAR
 END 1922: 7000 MARKS – 1 DOLLAR
 ANSWER – PRINT STILL MORE $
 END 1923 – 4,200,000 MARKS – 1 DOLLAR
BRITISH PREMIER DAVID LLOYD GEORGE “I
CANNOT CONCEIVE OF ANY GREATER
COURSE OF FUTURE WAR, THAN THAT THE
GERMAN PEOPLE, WHO HAVE CERTAINLY
PROVED THEMSELVES ONE OF THE MOST
VIGOROUS AND POWERFUL RACES IN THE
WORLD SHOULD BE SURROUNDED BY A
NUMBER OF SMALL STATES (COUNTRIES),
MANY OF THEM CONSISTING OF PEOPLE
WHO NEVER PREVIOUSLY SET UP A STABLE
GOVERNMENT FOR THEMSELVES, BUT EACH
OF THEM CONTAINING LARGE MASSES OF
GERMANS CLAMORING FOR RE-UNION WITH
THEIR NATIVE LAND” --PARIS PEACE
CONFERENCE
BLEAK SITUATION SHOWS SIGNS OF HOPE
 BUSINESSES BANKRUPT
 PEOPLE OUT OF WORK
 LIFETIME SAVINGS WIPED OUT
 SMALL RECOVERY IN LATE 1920S
 NEW CHANCELLOR STARTED CURRENCY REFORM
 INFLATION DROPPED
 BUSINESSES BEGAN TO PROSPER AGAIN
 UNEMPLOYMENT FELL
 U.S. LOANS 190 MILLION TO GERMANY TO AID IN
RECOVERY
 1929 SYSTEM OF REPRATION PAYMENTS WAS CHANGED
 1925 CONFERENCE OF EUROPEAN POWERS,
GERMANY INVITED
 IMPORTANT
 BORDERS TO EAST WERE CONSIDERED
“NEGOTIABLE”
 GERMANY HAD ALWAYS WANTED TO “PULL TO
THE EAST” DRANG NACH OSTEN
 ALL CREATES HOPE IN GERMANY
 OCTOBER 1929 WORLD’S FINANCIAL MARKETS
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COLLAPSE
GERMANY TOO FRAGILE, ECONOMY CRASHED
W/ REST OF WORLD
HOPE REPLACED W/ DEVASTATION
THERE IS NOTHING WORSE THAN BEING
MIRRED IN BAD TIMES, HAVING HOPE AND
THEN HAVING IT DISAPPEAR AGAIN
ALL TIME LOW IN GERMANY
 DO YOU AGREE W/ THE PUNISHMENTS
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INFLICTED UPON GERMANY AFTER WWI? WHY
OR WHY NOT?
HOW WOULD YOU HAVE DONE IT DIFFERENTLY?
ARE (WORLDWIDE) LESSONS LEARNED FROM
THE VERSAILLES TREATY?
IF GERMANY HAD WON THE FIRST WORLD WAR,
WOULD THE SECOND WORLD WAR HAVE
HAPPENED? WHY OR WHY NOT?
DISCUSS WHAT HISTORICAL THEME APPLIES
MOST IN RELATION TO GERMANY DURING THIS
ERA.
 GERMANY IN CHAOS
 LOAF OF BREAD
201,000,000 MARKS
 STREETS FULL OF
UNEMPLOYED
 MIDDLE CLASS
DROPPED TO
EXTREMELY POOR
 WHOLE COUNTRY
CALLING FOR NEW
GOVT.
 MUSSOLINI TAKES OVER
ITALY BY FORCE W/ A
MARCH ON MILAN W/
BLACKSHIRTS (1922)
 MUNICH, 8 NOVEMBER 1923
 HITLER’S FIRST PUSH FOR POWER
 FOLLOWED BY MARCH ON BERLIN
 HITLER NEARLY SHOT; FLED AND CAPTURED
 SENTENCED TO JAIL 5 YEARS; SERVED 9 MONTHS
 WROTE MEIN KEMPF (MY STRUGGLE)
 HITLER LEARNED VALUABLE LESSONS IN DEFEAT
 NEEDED SUPPORT OF ARMY/RICH PEOPLE
 NEW STRATEGY: MORE “NORMAL” APPROACH
DEFENDENTS IN THE BEER HALL PUTSCH TRIAL
 1928- GERMAN ECONOMY IN RECOVERY
 MANY FELT WEIMAR REPUBLIC UNSHAKABLE
 NAZIS DID NOT DO WELL IN ELECTIONS AND
WERE ON THE WAY OUT
 GERMAN UNEMPLOYMENT
 1929 – 1.3 MILLION
 1932 – 6 MILLION
 NAZI PARTY SEIZES OPPORTUNITY
 BLAME PROBLEMS ON
 COMMUNIST PARTY
 SOCIALISTS
 VERSAILLES CRIMINIALS
 JEWS
 1931 ALLIANCE FORMED BETWEEN NAZI PARTY
AND RIGHT-WING NATIONALIST PARTY
 NATIONALIST PARTY BIG W/ SUPPORT OF
 INDUSTRY, BIG BUSINESS
 ORGANIZED
 NEWSPAPER SUPPORT
 EARLY 1930s NATIONWIDE AUDIENCE
 DESPERATE ECONOMIC TIMES
 INCREASINGLY GAINED POWER IN REICHSTAG
 BECAME NATIONAL MOVEMENT
 OFFERED REVITALIZED WAY OF LIFE IN TIMES OF
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL PERIL
COLOGNE CATHEDRAL, 1935
NUREMBERG NAZI RALLY 1928
 1932 – PRESIDENT HINDENBURG INVITES HITLER TO BE
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VICE-PRESIDENT; HITLER REFUSES
1933 – HITLER ACCEPTED CHANCELLORSHIP (WHAT HE
WANTED)
NAZI INFLUENCE MINIMAL IN REICHSTAG (3 OF 12 SEATS
IN CABINET, NO MAJORITY IN REICHSTAG)
HITLER CONVINCES HINDENBURG TO DISSOLVE
REICHSTAG, CALL FOR NEW ELECTIONS
VIOLENCE ON STREETS DURING ELECTIONS
NAZIS WON 288 SEATS, NATIONAL PARTY 52-COMBINED
THE TWO
COMMUNISTS THROWN OUT, BLAMED FOR FIRE AT
REICHSTAG
ALL OTHER POLITICAL PARTIES DISSOLVED
 LEFT-WINGERS AND JEWS ARRESTED BY
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THOUSANDS
14 JULY 1933- HITLER MADE NAZI PARTY ONLY
LEGAL PARTY IN GERMANY
1934 HINDENBERG DIED; HITLER COMBINED
OFFICES OF PRESIDENT AND CHANCELLOR
NOW IN FULL POWER!
GERMAN PEOPLE VOTED IN FAVOR OF THIS 38
MILLION FOR, 4 MILLION AGAINST
HITLER WAS TRULY NOW DER FUHRER (THE
LEADER)
IN ONE DECADE, HE HAD GAINED TOTAL
CONTROL OF GERMANY
 TOOK ADVANTAGE OF POOR ECONOMIC TIMES
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IN GERMANY
CREATED ENEMIES THAT UNITED GERMANS
CREATED POPULAR MOVEMENT, W/ SOMETHING
FOR EVERYONE
DYNAMIC SPEAKER
HUMBLE BACKGROUND
WAR VETERAN
BRUTALLY HONEST
 ADOLF HITLER PROMISED
 TO PROVIDE FINAL ANSWER TO “THE JEWISH
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PROBLEM”
DELIVERANCE FROM POOR ECONOMIC TIMES
PROMISED LEBENSRAUM (LIVING SPACE) TO THE
EAST
SOCIAL SECURITY FOR ELDERLY
SOMETHING FOR THE YOUTH, THE HITLER YOUTH
ARMY
WOULD YOU HAVE SUPPORTED HITLER
HAD YOU LIVED IN THAT DAY? WHY OR
WHY NOT?