Transcript The Great Depression and the Drought

Unit 10
Chapter 14
After WWI
• WWI boosts the
economy (distribution,
consumption, and
manufacture of goods).
• Wages are high, spirits
are soaring.
• People are buying more
luxury items.
• Great Depression hits, life
changes.
• Unemployment
skyrockets,
agriculture/industry
decline.
1920’s
• Country is filled with can
do attitude after war
– People are getting braver
– Willing to travel, try new
things
• Everyone spends lots
of money.
• More money is spent
on education than
anywhere else.
• Motels (motor hotels)
make travel easier
1920’s continued
• Charles Lindbergh
successfully makes a
transatlantic flight in
October 1927.
• Nicknamed “Lucky Lindy”
and “Lone Eagle.”
• Flies “Spirit of St Louis”
from NY to Paris.
• Street named after him in
NY.
King Cotton
• Boll weevil appears in
1918.
• It destroys cotton crops–
the main source of
income for farmers.
• Larvae feed on boll (the
place where cotton fibers
are formed)
• After 1923, only 500,000
bales produced– 2 million
were produced in 1918.
Drought
• 1925 major drought hits
Ga– a period of extreme
dryness from lack of rain.
• Drought slows down boll
weevil destruction, but
kills other crops.
• People go to industrial
cities (Chicago).
• Banks take big losses,
farm-related businesses
close.
The Great Depression
• President Hoover tells
America that end of
poverty is near.
• Stock market is unstable,
few notice. Banks are in
trouble.
• Many are investing in
stock market (shares in
stocks in corporations are
bought and sold).
• People borrow money
and cannot repay debts.
Stock Market Crashes
• October 29, 1929 (Black
Tuesday) the stock
market “crashes.”
• Each passing day brings
greater economic crisis–
this becomes Great
Depression.
• $40 billion loss in stocks.
• United States Steel share
sells for $22, formerly
valued at $262.
Banks
• People cant pay back
money they’ve
borrowed.
• Banks cannot meet
demands of
customers for cash.
• 650 close in the first
year.
Georgia
• Already in trouble from
boll weevil and drought.
• Trouble meeting every
day needs.
• Children don’t go to
school because they
don’t have proper
clothing or shoes.
• Progress stops.
Hoover
• Govt. loans money to
needy businesses and
support public projects for
improvement.
• Shanties filled with
squatters are called
Hoovervilles.
• Public and private efforts
try to provide relief
(money and goods given
to people in special
need).
• Something much bigger
is needed.
Unemployment
• Today 5-6% is
acceptable.
• Families went hungry
• People felt they had no
self worth.
• 1933 25% were
unemployed!
– Half of blacks unemployed
– Single women were fired
so men/women with
children can work
The New Deal
• Hoover runs for reelection in 1932.
• Beat by Franklin
Delano Roosevelt.
– Naturally optimistic
– Had polio
• “I pledge to you, I
pledge myself, to a
new deal for the
American people.”
The New Deal
• To solve economic crisis,
created brain trust--a
group of advisors from all
over USA who helped
pass New Deal.
• Series of laws passed to
bring economic recovery,
relieve unemployment,
and reform defects of
economy, and improve
society was “New Deal.”
Economic Recovery
• Price supports (guaranteed
higher prices) provided to to
farmers (Ga is happy!); later
unconstitutional
• NIRA allowed manufacturers to
regulate by cutting production,
promised 40 hr work week.
• Minimum wage enforced, the
least amount an employee can
pay for a certain number of
hours worked.
• Allowed for unions, previously
uncommon in the South.
Economic Recovery
• Textile mill owners don’t
like this.
• Owners practice stretch
out, requiring workers to
work more machines (12
hrs of work in 8 hrs).
• People strike, some leave
jobs.
• Collective bargaining
combats getting fired—
you can now talk to your
employer and discuss job
without getting fired
Relief
• Several programs designed to
help unemployed.
• WPA provides jobs for workers
asap.
• CCC provides jobs for civilians
through the military.
• These programs only help
those who can work.
• Social Security Act passed in
1935, govt provides old age
insurance from taxes paid by
workers.
•
Social Improvement: Tennessee
Valley Authority and Rural
Electrification
TVA brings cheap electricity to
many states after Tennessee
River is dammed.
• TVA helps conservation, the
management of natural
resources to prevent its
destruction.
• Built model farms to teach
farmers how to conserve
(“Dust Bowl”).
• Rural electrification helped
bring power to rural areas at
affordable prices.
Fireside Chat
• Roosevelt gives speeches to American
people via radio between 1933-1945.
• Calls listeners “my friends” and uses
simple language and concrete examples.
• Instills hope.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CVEAu
BDdE00&feature=related
Politics
• Great Depression
brings new leadership
to Ga.
• People hope that
leaders will bring
them out of their
troubles.
• Georgia’s governors
are a mixture of good
and bad.
Richard Russell
• Governor after Hardman.
• Reduces state boards
from 102 to 18.
• Tries to run the state like
business.
• Favors state’s rights;
favors military
preparedness.
• Later serves in Senate
(pro tempore).
Eugene Talmadge
• Dramatic leader like Tom
Watson.
• Didn’t like relief efforts,
public welfare, federal
assistance programs.
• Tried to get rid of New
Deal in Georgia.
• Fired those who
disagreed.
Eurith Rivers
• Beat Talmadge’s
appointed successor
Charles Redwine.
• Supports New Deal,
unlike Talmadge.
• Electricity to rural areas.
• Some corruption with his
staff regarding highway
contracts.
Eugene Talmadge
• Wins governorship again.
• Changes his mind, not so
anti-New Deal.
• Problems with a
supporter who taught at
UGA, this guy favored
integration.
• Lots of publicity,
Talmadge is not reelected.
Ellis Arnall
• 1st governor to serve a 4 year
term.
• Abolished poll tax, adopted
new state constitution in
1945.
• Helps Ga become first state
to grant 18 year olds the right
to vote.
• Argues that men drafted into
the armed forces deserve to
vote for country’s leadership.
WW2: Preview
• U.S. still recovering from Great
Depression.
• Wants to stay out of world affairs.
• Japan is led by Emperor Hirohito.
• Germany is led by Nazi Hitler.
• Italy is led by facist Mussolini.
• These three form the Axis Powers and
want to expand power/territory.
Axis Powers
Hitler
• 1933 Hitler comes to power as a dictator
(rule with complete control).
• Dynamic, charismatic Nazi leader.
• Believed in “racial hygenie.”
• Given Sudetenland for appeasement.
• Takes over the rest of Czechoslovakia.
• Sept 1, 1939 attacks Poland and starts
WW2.
Hitler
WW2
• USA tries to stay out of it.
• Congress proclaims
neutrality in 1939.
• USA helps Britain by
selling arms for cash,
then Congress passes
lend-lease agreement.
• Just like WW1, Germany
starts pushing the limits.
WW2
USA in WW2
• Dec. 7, 1941 the Japanese attack Pearl Harbor,
Hawaii.
• USA gets involved next day by declaring war on
Japan.
• Joins with other Allies: Great Britain, France
and Russia.
• War is on two fronts: Germany/Italy in Europe
and Africa/Japan in Pacific.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LgthakFtZQY
USA in WW2
WW2
• Troops fight from a distance, not hand to
hand
• Airplanes carry bombs/machine guns
• Air raids, Radar/sonar track enemy
movements
• June 6, 1944 “D-Day” is the largest
amphibious attack in warfare– pushes
Germans out of France
WW2: D-Day
Tuskegee Airmen
• Military rethinks discrimination with “Black Bird
Men.”
• Trained at Tuskegee.
• Funds were low, but Eleanor Roosevelt flies with
Charles Anderson and brings publicity.
• By the end of the war, 4,000 planes were shot
down, many were decorated.
• Leads to integration in the military.
War In Europe
• Feb. 1945 Big Three (FDR, Stalin,
Churchill) discuss peace at the Yalta
conference.
• Europe is free from Hitler by 1945; Hitler
commits suicide.
• FDR dies in April—spent time in Little
White House before death.
• Harry S. Truman becomes president.
Big Three
Little White House
War in Pacific
• Peace isn’t complete—Emperor Hirohito
wants unconditional surrender but Japan’s
foreign minister does not.
• August 6, 1945 Enola Gay drops the
atomic bomb on Hiroshima.
• When Japan does not surrender, Nagasaki
is bombed 3 days later.
• Japan surrenders August 15, 1945.
Hiroshima: 140,000 dead in 1945
•
Nagasaki: 80,000 dead in 1945
•
Georgia in the War
• 320,000 enlist.
• Russell, who believed in military
preparedness, helped bring military
installations.
• Items like meat, butter, and sugar were
rationed (consumption limited) for war
effort.
Holocaust
• Part of Hitler’s racial hygenie.
• Means “death by fire”
• 6 million Jews killed in concentration
camps.
• Died from gas, starvation, disease.
• Bodies were burned in giant
crematoriums.
• Most children were killed immediately,
over 1.5 million murdered
Holocaust: 6 million killed
•
Holocaust
• The records the Nazis kept when tattooing
the prisoners were later used to locate
survivors.
• Memorials
– Boston: 6 towers represent 6 camps, numbers
etched on glass
– D.C : picture exhibit beginning from 19331945
Boston
D.C.