Transcript Chapter 15
CHAPTER 15 World War II Section 1: The Road to War Section Objectives Describe the rise of totalitarianism in Europe and its impact on world events. Explain the motives behind Japan’s policy of territorial expansion and why Americans were opposed to it. Explain why at first the United States adopted a policy of neutrality toward escalating world tensions Rise of Dictators FDR’s “Good Neighbor policy”—nonintervention among nations Benito Mussolini-wanted to rebuild Italy’s shattered economy and restore Italian power. Fascists—preached that the nation and the race were more important than the individual. Totalitarian—completely controlling all aspects of Italian life Mussolini invaded Ethiopia in October 1935 and controlled Ethiopia by May of 1936. Soviet Symbol Communism Hammer =industrial workers Sickle=peasants (farmers) Communists took power in 1917 Soviet Union Controlled all aspects of live in Soviet Union—Josef Stalin was the leader Fascism Benito Mussolini took power in 1922 and tried to restore country to Roman Empire power Imperial Japan Japan felt cheated by its failure to gain territory after WWI– government came under control of Workers nationalists fanatics meant to be in and allied with control, but in military and became a major imperial reality the power in Asia country was run by Stalin Hitler founds the Nazi Party National Socialist German Workers’ party Hitler was a great orator Wanted an “Aryan” race and blamed the Jews for Germany’s economic problems Hitler denounced the Treaty of Versailles German President Paul von Hindenburg died in 1934 and Hitler abolished the office of President and declared himself fuhrer, or Supreme leader of the Third Reich, the German Empire Extreme Fascism—German Nazi Party Swastika—ancient religious symbol means “good luck” from Greek or Hindu temples Nazi party founded in 1920, National Socialist German Worker’s Party believed German Aryans were master race, hated Jews, and wanted to restore Germany to its powerful status Adolf Hitler 1889-1945 Mein Kampf— Hitler’s book discusses need for a strong leader, a large army, economic selfsufficiency, suppression of communism and extermination of Jews Nazi outdoor rally held in Nuremberg every year—displayed strength and determination of Nazis and power Hitler held over his party Fighting the Spanish Civil War Francisco Franco– his fascist forces of attempted to overthrow the constitutional government of Spain Mussolini and Hitler aided Franco, the Soviet Union supported the Republicans. Great Britain, France, and the U.S. were neutral even though some citizens fought against Germany and Italy. Guernica, Spain Pablo Picasso’s Guernica--1937 Treaty of Versailles — forced Germany to sign it and lost overseas empire, land to neighbors and reduced army Japan invades China—1932 Japan takes over China Province of Manchuria and invades country in 1937 September 1, Germany invades Poland 1933, Nazi party comes to power and builds up military strength Italy invades Ethiopia in 1935 and Libya and Albania in 1939. Mussolini wanted to build new Roman empire 1936 Italy and Germany form Rome—Berlin Axis, later extends to Japan Hitler moves troops back into Rhineland— industrial area next to France 1936, Germany takes over Austria (most Austrians favored takeover) and parts of Czechoslovakia Appeasing Hitler in Munich In March 1938, Hitler proclaimed that Austria was part of Germany and sent troops into Vienna. 6 months later Hitler’s armies occupied the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia. Eager for peace, the leaders of Great Britain and France adopted a policy of appeasement toward Germany. Invading Poland leads to War August 23, 1939—Germany signs a nonaggression pact with Soviets Germany and the Soviets secretly divided Poland Sept.1, 1939, Hitler invades Poland Blitzkrieg (lightning war) 2 days later, Great Britain and France declare war—WWII. Japan and Militarism 1930s, Japan began territorial expansion. Needed raw materials—dependent upon other nations Japan invades Manchuria—poorly defended and rich in resources Sept. 1931, Japan invades Sept. 1932, Japan controls “Manchukuo”—League of Nations condemned the act and Japan justifies—long term security U.S. and China U.S. stops trade with Japan U.S. lends money to China Why??? $$$$$$$$$$$ U.S. wants to protect the open door policy. U.S. could lose $100 million in cotton sales “China Incident” 1937—Japan moves south to Shanghai and Nanjing Japanese soldiers killed tens of thousands of Chinese civilians Seen as barbarous and disgraceful Japan tries to downplay the acts U.S. signs Neutrality Acts—no sale of weapons and restrict travel Section 2: The War Begins Hitler invades France, Maginot Line rendered worthless. British forces retreat to Dunkirk and evacuate 338,000 troops June 22, 1940, France surrenders Battle of Britain Attack in summer of 1940 Britain’s Royal Air Force is a formidable fighting machine Sept, 1940-May 41—Mass bombing London in shambles and 20,000 died British Spitfire 362 mph Faster at high altitudes RAF pilots from around the world British Hawker Hurricanes 14,000 produced Accounted for many kills (mostly bombers) Over 300 mph Rolls-Royce Merlin 12 cylinder German Messerschmitts 342 mph Diamler-Benz V-12 Radar Success by alerting incoming enemy aircraft Emit radio signals—bounce off enemy planes and picked up by radar receivers Inverventionism v. Isolationism Support or stay out? That is the question. Committee to Defend American by Aiding the Allies—600 local branches, Defend America First— 60,000 members Selective Service September, 1940—Selective Training and Service Act—1st peacetime draft Males 21-35, serve for 1 year, but only within the Western Hemisphere Lend-Lease, Jan. 1941 Openly support Allies President sell, lend, or lease military supplies to any nation “vital to defense of the United States.” Garden Hose analogy Atlantic Charter Churchill and FDR met to agree on common principles for postwar world Charter affirmed each nation’s right to choose its own government, free from fear of agression. Sept. 24, 1941—U.S., Britain and 15 other nations signed this charter—international organization for security Forerunner for United Nations Axis Powers Align September 27, 1940—Japan, Italy and Germany made an alliance which promised that each would defend the other if they were attacked by the U.S. Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis U.S. responds by putting an embargo on Japanese trade—cut them off. Yamamoto’s Plan U.S. feeling war with Japan is near, Japan decides to take the offensive. Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto wants to strike the U.S. at Pearl Harbor—may be the knockout blow to U.S. fleet. Section 3: Japanese Aggression The U.S. wanted Japan out of China If they withdraw, trade resumes Japan needed more resources, so they planned an attack War Minister Hideki Tojo takes over office of Premier—planned an attack on Hawaii on Sept. 6, 1941 November 26, Japan starts heading toward Hawaii Tora!Tora!Tora! The attack was a surprise on Sunday, December 7th 1941. Sunday morning the Japanese attacked for 3 hours 3/8 battleships were sunk and the others badly battered. 19 ships sunk or disabled. 150 planes destroyed 2,400 American servicemen and civilians killed Outcomes Japan failed to hit oil storage tanks Missed aircraft carriers that left a few days before—this enabled the U.S. to still be successful Later that day, Japan attacked Philippines, Guam, and Midway. Also British forces in Hong Kong and Malay Peninsula. U.S. reactions? The Longest Day Pre-Assessment What do you know about D-Day? 1. What was the name of the operation of the D-Day invasion? 2. Who was the Supreme Commander of the Allied forces in D-Day? 3. What date was D-Day? 4. What was the 60-mile stretch of the coast of France that was invaded? Pre-Assessment Quiz 5. Can you name any of the 5 names given to the beaches of the landing in France? 6. What were the three main countries involved in the landing on the beach? 7. How many people died (Allied Forces) in the invasion? 8. What was the name of the German fortification defense against the invasion? Factors that made D-Day possible German Army taking toll in Russia Strategic bombing by Allies Attack Italy—Forces needed Naval Superiority Supply chain for food and supplies Weather Deception Weapons and intelligence Supreme Commander Dwight Eisenhower—born 1890 Commissioned in 1913—no action in WWI Worked closely with U.S. Army Chief of Staff George C. Marshall Commanded North African landings in 1942 Dwight D. Eisenhower Map of the coordinated attack Operation Overlord The Landing Operation Neptune: 7,000 vessels from Battleships to landing Craft used in this Operation. German resistance waiting German Defense: The Atlantic Wall The Atlantic Wall Impact 4,000 ships 150,000 men Within 2 weeks 1 million men, 556,000 tons of supplies, & 170,000 Vehicles 5,000 Dead Life of FDR January 30, 1882-April 12, 1945 4 terms Served through Great Depression and WWII Warm Springs, Georgia—died of Cerebral hemorrhage Hitler’s Death Monday, April 30th 1945 Last Days of the Fuehrer Bunker in Berlin, Jan. 16 1945 April 22, Nervous Breakdown April 29, marries Eva Braun Cyanide poisoning and gunshot to right temple, Eva next to him on sofa Burned outside bunker Soviets recover bodies Secretly buried by KGB with Goebbels and family April 4th, 1970 dug up bodies, cremated and dumped in Elbe River Chapter 15-3 Assignment Using pages 508-515, please describe the events, strategies, and key battles of WWII. You will divide your paper into 4 quadrants with Pacific and European Fronts/vertical, and Allies and Axis Powers/horizontal. Insert key ideas and detail in the corresponding sections. U.S. vs. Japan Battle for Pacific Takeover in 12/1941—Burma, Malaya, Dutch East Indies, Singapore, Philippines, and pushing toward Australia and east to U.S. Needed Supplies for empire Coral Sea 5/42, Midway 6/42 halted advance Battles with Japan Island hopping Samaria Code—fight to the end Iwo Jima—750 miles from Tokyo, 20,000 casualties Okinawa—300,000 troops Kamikaze planes—50,000 American casualties, Japan 140,000 700 attacked U.S. fleet U.S. could now have naval superiority—bombing easier Feb. 1945, Mt. Suribachi, Iwo Jima Japanese defended to end, of 21,000 soldiers only 216 were taken prisoner Pacific Theatre Map POW for Japan POWs treated poorly Worked to death building RR, roads, and bridges Starvation 25% of 103,000 of Australian, U.S., British, and Dutch soldiers died Prisoners made improvised necessities like combs and glasses US developed the atomic bomb during the Manhattan Project—based out of Los Alamos, New Mexico Little Boy and Fat Man were dropped on August 6th and August 9th More than 200,000 citizens were killed by the bombs and countless others affected by the nuclear radiation Japan surrendered on August 14, 1945 Atomic Bomb Truman takes over after FDR dies Einstein told FDR about Nazi nukes Manhattan Project—top secret project, $2 billion, 120,000 workers Physicist Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer was in charge of project “We have discovered the most terrible bomb in the history of the world.” Atomic Bomb Potsdam Conference—drop bomb if Japan doesn’t surrender by 8/3/45 8/6/45--B-29, Enola Gay, dropped bomb on Hiroshima—center of war industries and headquarters for 2nd General Army. 8/9 Nagasaki was bombed 8/14 Japan surrenders Why did Truman use the bomb? U.S. would most likely have had to invade the mainland Japan Thousands more would have died if the war continued or even had to invade Japan Ending the war saved Japanese lives as well Some think we used the bomb to show our strength (especially to the Soviets) Japan didn’t show signs of surrendering Significance of WWII Approximately 55 million deaths Massive destruction of cities around the world Farms and factories destroyed (but not in U.S.) 6 million Jews lost lives in Holocaust German and Japanese leaders were tried before war crimes tribunals Civilians targeted to decrease morale Atomic Bomb creates Cold War to follow Legacy of Holocaust Nuremberg Trials Big three--Teheran Conference, punish Axis leaders for war crimes Discussed in 1945 by newly formed UN Oct. 1945 24 leading German military officially charged with 4 war crimes: Conspiracy, crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity Convictions at Nuremberg 19 were convicted 12 sentenced to death, others serving prison sentences 12 other trials conducted by U.S. judges involving 185 defendants—Nazi officials, judges, business executives, and doctors. These were people who helped in the process. United Nations Representatives of 26 nations, including U.S., USSR, Britain, and China met in D.C. on January 1, 1942. A permanent UN organization was established in October 1945, with 51 members