Transcript The Cold War and Nationalism

The Cold War and
Nationalism
1945-2001
Chapter 30-1
Origins of the Cold War:
War-time Conferences
War-time Conferences:
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Tehran Conference 1943
Yalta Conference 1945
Potsdam Conference 1945
Tehran Conference 1943
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USSR was guaranteed to be the only power to
liberate Eastern Europe
Yalta 1945
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Stalin agreed to allow free elections in Eastern
Europe…will later renege
Germany to be divided into 4 zones controlled
by: USSR, U.S., France, Britain
After the war, the Russians bled reparations
from their sector and would not allow
reunification
Potsdam 1945
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Truman demanded free elections in Europe
Stalin would not agree: wanted a buffer zone
between USSR and the West
Origins of the Cold War:
Different World Views
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The Soviet POV:
Democracies were traditionally hostile to
communism and the USSR (Archangel &
recognition)
 Americans and British did not open up a western
front early enough. Millions of Soviet soldiers died
while holding off the Germans alone
 USSR was not privy to atomic bomb project
 Soviets wanted a buffer zone (especially Poland)
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The U.S. POV
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Stalin seemed intent on creating “spheres of
influence” in Eastern Europe
Stalin broke pledges regarding reunification of
Germany
Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” speech (1946) alerted
the West (especially U.S.) to a future conflict
with USSR
U.S. wanted to spread democracy globally
The Partition of Germany
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Germany divided:
U.S., Brits and French combined sectors =FRG
(German Federal Republic) became
independent in 1949. Konrad Adenaur to 1963
USSR = GDR (German Democratic Republic)
By 1949 called East Germany. Led by Walter
Ulbright 1950-1971. Reparations to USSR
Containment
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By 1947 the U.S. was committed to stop the
spread of communism
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George Kennan (American ambassador to
USSR) wrote a memo to Truman leading to
Containment and the Truman Doctrine and The
Marshall Plan
The Truman Doctrine
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Established the U.S. Policy of Containment that
lasted for four decades
The U.S. would assist free peoples requesting aid
against aggressive communism
1947: Aid to Greece and Turkey. USSR was
after a foothold in the Mediterranean
The Marshall Plan 1949-1951
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European reconstruction: the U.S. sent $13
billion in aid (no strings) to help rebuild wartorn Europe
Part of Containment: To prevent the spread of
communism to Western Europe
Was called “Economic Miracle”
Soviets refused aid to itself or Eastern
European countries…saw it as a power play by
U.S.
The Berlin Crisis & Airlift
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Berlin was divided after the war just like Germany but
entire city was in Soviet zone
Most talented East Berliners fled to the West to avoid
reparation payments at the rate of 200 a day
Stalin blocked toads from West Berlin to West
Germany
U.S. and others 11 month airlift 277,000 flights to keep
West Berliners alive (Food, Rx, Coal)
Stalin gave up and opened roads in 1949
NATO 1949
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The North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Founded in response to the Berlin Crisis
Collective security organization: U.S., Canada,
and European democracies (12 members total)
An attack on one = an attack on all
Today more than two dozen members
The Warsaw Pact 1955
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Similar to NATO
Response of USSR after West Germany joined
NATO in 1954
USSR and Eastern Bloc countries arranged for
collective security
China
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After Japanese were driven out of China
Civil war between Nationalist Chinese led by
Chiang Kai-shek and Communist Chinese led by
Mao Zedong (tse-tong)
Mao won and created The People’s Republic of
China 1949
Big blow to U.S. Policy of Containment
The Bomb
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USSR successfully tested an atomic bomb in
1949
Hydrogen Bomb: U.S. 1952 then USSR 1953
Above led to “Doctrine of Massive Retaliation”
by Dulles (Sec of State under Eisenhower)
U.S. vowed to nuke the USSR if it tried to
expand
Korean War 1950-1953
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Was promised independence at Cairo Conference
After WWII was divided at 38th //
North of 38th // supported by USSR
South supported by U.S. Syngman Rhee
1947 USSR refused to allow U.N. inspectors in
1948 UN declared S. Korea as lawful government
1949 U.S. occupational troops left S. Korea
1950 North Korea with Soviet support invaded South
Korean War
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USSR was boycotting Security Council (because
U.S. would not allow Communist China to take
over Nationalist China’s seat)
So UN Security Council voted that North Korea
was guilty of breach of peace and authorized
Harry Truman to send troops
MacArthur made a surprise landing well North
of 18th // and Chinese poured in and forced
MacArthur’s troops back to 38th //
Korea
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Result: 1953 Cease fire at 38th //
U.S. Policy of containment success in
Korea…the SPREAD of communism was
prevented
Russia under Stalin 1945-1953
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During WWII repression was relaxed due to
increased nationalism
But after WWII the Cold War inspired more
repression, terror
Between 1946-1953 over 12 million Soviets
killed by the government
Most died in gulags
More 5-Year Plans
Culture and art purged too
Eastern Europe under Stalin
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Eastern Europe: Poland, Hungary,
Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Romania,
Bulgaria, Albania
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Yugoslavia led by Tito had freed itself from
Nazi domination without USSR’s help
Was communist but not controlled by Soviets
Had mixed economy…some private ownership
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Eastern Europe under Stalin
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The Red Army and the KGB (Soviet Secret
Police) established communist one-party systems
in Eastern European countries
Czechs seen as a real threat (had been a
democracy)
Over ½ million Czechs were purged
200,000 in Hungary, 189,000 Romania
80,000 Albania
Eastern Europe under Stalin
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1953 uprising in East Germany was crushed
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5-Year plans established in Eastern Europe
Emphasized heavy industry and agriculture
Economic recovery slow and uneven
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Czechoslovakia fared better than most
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Nikita Khrushchev 1953-1964
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Stalin died in 1953
Widespread fear and hatred of Stalin’s political
terror
Agriculture in bad shape
Significant shortages of consumer goods
Poor living conditions
Khrushchev’s De-Stalinization
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1956 at 20th Party Congress Khrushchev
denounced Stalin’s crimes in a secret anti-Stalin
speech
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Gosplan: shifted the focus from military and
heavy industry to agriculture and consumer
goods
Khrushchev wanted to prove that communism
was superior to the West
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Khrushchev
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During Cold War many newly independent
Asian and African nations were wooed by both
Soviets and U.S….promises of aid, etc.
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Told the West (at the UN while banging his shoe
on the table) “We will bury you!” meaning the
Soviets would surpass the economies of the U.S.
and its allies
The Arts
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Anti-Stalinism was tolerated
Dr. Zhivago by Boris Pasternak: told the story
of an intellectual who rejected the brutality of
the Bolshevik revolution & Stalinism and is
ultimately destroyed.
One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisvitch by
Aleksandr Solzenitsyn portrayed the grim life in
a Stalinist gulag (Solzenitsyn had been a
prisoner)
Reformers
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Khrushchev was flexible
Would allow different forms of communism as
long as the Communist Party remained in
control
Poland 1956 (Gomulka) rioting in Poland for
reform.
Khrushchev responded by removing some
troops and allowing limited freedoms
1956 Hungary
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Students and workers in Budapest installed a
liberal Communist reformer as new
leader…Imre Nagy
Huge demonstrations by Hungarian nationalists
demanding legalization of non-communist
parties
Rebellion spread throughout the country
Hoped for help from U.S.
Rebellion was crushed with Soviet tanks
Hungary
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Janos Kadar was installed as leader
Firm communist rule was established
Other Eastern European countries hoped for
small gains while following party line
Peaceful Coexistence
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Relations with the West improved in the 50’s
Khrushchev wanted to concentrate on
improving USSR’s economy
1955 USSR removed itself from Austria and
allowed independence
Austria had been divided like Germany after
WWII
=huge easing of tensions
Geneva Summit
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USSR, U.S., France, Britain met to discuss
disarmament
No agreement reached
Berlin: Khrushchev demanded that the allies
leave Berlin
Gave a 6-month deadline
They did not leave and USSR took no action
Sputnik 1957
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Demonstrated that the Soviets were ahead of
the U.S. in space technology
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Led to the Space Race with the U.S.
The U-2 Incident
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1960 American U-2 spy plane was shot down
over USSR
Pilot lived…Gary Powers
Khrushchev demanded an apology
Eisenhower would not give it
The scheduled Paris Summit was cancelled
The Berlin Wall
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Khrushchev again demanded that the West give
up their sector of Berlin
They would not
Khrushchev built the Berlin Wall
The Cuban Missile Crisis 1962
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1959 Cuba became a communist country
Led by Fidel Castro
1961 Bay of Pigs invasion was U.S. failed
attempt to remove Castro
Castro agreed to allow USSR to build missile
sites
U.S. discovered this during Fly-bys (Kennedy)
The Cuban Missile Crisis
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U.S. placed a blockade around Cuba
Soviet and U.S. ships at a stand-off
In the end: Khrushchev agreed to remove
Cuban missile sites if U.S. would remove theirs
in Turkey
U.S. promised to stop trying to remove Castro
The crisis led to Khrushchev’s downfall
1963 Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
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U.S., USSR, Britain signed a treaty banning
atmospheric testing in order to ease tensions
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France refused to sign (she was still developing
her nukes)
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China became a nuclear power in 1964. Split
with USSR because Russia did not share secrets
of the bomb
The End of Khrushchev
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Khrushchev’s policies seemed unsuccessful and
erratic by Politburo (Berlin, Missile Crisis, losing
China)
Space program expensive
No improvement in consumer goods
Agricultural projects unsuccessful
Quiet removal of Khrushchev by conservative
Stalinists October 1964