Transcript Document

THE COLD
WAR
WWII PEACE?
Germany – “unconditional” surrender – divided into 4 zones
Poland reconstituted – Soviet satallite
Finland and Austria – Independent – Russia yoke of
influence
Baltic States – absorbed into USSR
Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Bulgaria - USSR
Yugoslavia, Albania – Communist – resistant to USSR rule
Italy abolished monarchy – unstable democracy
WWII PEACE?
Greece – bloody civil war
France – 4th Republic – Unstable
Britain – empire evaporated
Japan – imposed democracy, rapid economic recovery =
power status
China liberated from Japanese rule – civil war = Mao
Zedong (1949)
League of Nations replaced by the United Nations
US and USSR superpowers = bi-polar world
THREE
PERIODS
THE EARLY COLD WAR (1945-53)
THE MIDDLE COLD WAR (1953-74)
THE COLD WAR’S END (1974-91)
WEAPONS
Propaganda
Diplomatic Moves
Scientific Competition
Economic Competition
Espionage
Subversion
THE
EARLY
COLD WAR
YALTA
1945
BIG THREE
Issues?
Germany, Japan, Poland
Free-Elections
Intentions, suspicions
WHAT TO DO WITH
EASTERN
EUROPEAN
NATIONS?
SATELLITES
Heavenly body that orbits a larger
body
Eastern and Central Europe: Bulgaria,
Czechoslovakia, East Germany,
Hungary, Poland, Rumania
Dictatorships controlled by the
Communist Party
Denied Civil Liberties
GERMANY
DIVIDED
IRON
CURTAIN
1946
“From Stettin in the
Baltic to Trieste in the
Adriatic an iron curtain
has descended across
the continent.”
CONTAINMENT
THEORY
1947
George F. Kennan
“The main element of any United
States policy toward Soviet Union
must be a long-term, patient but
firm and vigilant containment of
Russian expansionist tendencies.”
CONTAINMENT
Kennan’s prediction = mellow,
collapse
Creative application of containment
War, Diplomacy, Aid, Intelligence,
Rebel Groups
Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan,
Berlin Airlift
TRUMAN
DOCTRINE
1947
USSR expansion –
Greece - Turkey
US $400 million in aid
1947-50 $660 million
THE
MARSHALL
PLAN
1947
George C. Marshall, Sec. Of State
Europe “rubble heap” (Churchill)
US recovery - $$$$
$13 Billion
“a miraculous economic recovery”
THE BERLIN
AIRLIFT
June 1948 – May 1949
West Berlin – 2.5 million
population
2.3 million tons of
supplies
After 276,926 flights
Soviet Union lifts
blockade
NATO
1949
North Atlantic Treaty
Organization
Brussels, Belgium
Defensive Military Alliance
12 Nations originally
Today?
28 members
 United States
 Luxemburg
 Belgium
 Netherlands
 Britain
 Norway
 Canada
 Portugal
 Denmark
 1952: Greece &
Turkey
 France
 Iceland
 1955: West
Germany
 Italy
 1983: Spain
WARSAW PACT
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U. S. S. R.
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Albania
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Bulgaria
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Czechoslovakia
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East
Germany
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Hungary
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Poland
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Rumania
UNITED
NATIONS
1945 – 51 founding nations
Goals: International Peace and
Security, Friendly Relations,
Cooperation in International
problems, Human Rights
Five “Super powers”
Today 192 Nations
CHINA
REVOLUTION
1949
Mao Tse Tung
1949 – 1976)
Communism
Chaing Kai Shek –
Nationalists –
Taiwan
(r.
KOREA
1950-1953
“The Forgotten
War”
38th Parallel
North Korea –
Kim Il-Sung
THE MIDDLE
COLD WAR
CRISIS AND
COMPETITION
HUNGARIAN
UPRISING
1956
Imre Nagy
Prime Minister
Krushschev “Secret Speech” –
De-Stalinization
Withdrawal – Warsaw Pact
End Communism in Hungary?
Executed 1958
SUEZ CRISIS
1956-1957
British/French Control – military
base 80,000 troops
Symbol of the overseas power
“jugular vein of the empire”
Abdel Nassar – President of Egypt
Egyptian Nationalization
SPUTNIK
1957
Russia – 1st
man-made
satellite
US – NASA
“Space Race”
U2 Incident
1960
Soviets - Krushchev
US – Eisenhower
Col. Francis Gary Powers
US Spy Plane shot down in
Russia
CUBAN MISSILE
CRISIS
1962
Bay of Pigs Invasion
(1961)
Fidel Castro (r. 19592008)
BERLIN WALL
1961
Divides
East and
West
Berlin
VIETNAM
1955-1963
Imperialist French
control of Indo-China
Ho Chi Minh (18921969) - Nationalists
US
INVOLVEMNT
“If you want to, go ahead and fight in
the jungles of Vietnam," Khrushchev
said. "The French fought there for
seven years and still had to quit in
the end. Perhaps the Americans will
be able to stick it out for a little
longer, but eventually they will have
to quit, too."
- Nikita Krushchev
VIETNAMIZATION
1969
President Nixon
Gradual withdraw U.S. ground
forces
“Peace with Honor”
1973 – all US troops out
Communist North Vietnam
captures South Vietnam
Containment?
PRAGUE SPRING
1968
Led to Brezhnev
Doctrine
Alexander Dubcek
(1921-1992)
“Socialism with a Human
Face”
Russia – 500,000 troops
THE COLD
WAR’S
END
SALT I & II
Strategic Arms Limitation
Total
1969-1979
US – USSR strategic arms
limitations
SALT I – Moscow (1972)
Nixon, Brezhnev
SALT II – Vienna (1979)
Carter, Brezhnev
SOLIDARITY
1980
Poland
1956 – workers protested
1970 – food riots
1976 – new strikes
1980 – 17,000 workers
Lenin Shipyard – STRIKE
(food prices)
SOLIDARITY
Network of Unions
Solidarity Movement
Leader Lech Walesa
1979 – New Pope – John Paul II
27-year Papacy
First non-Italian Pope in 455 years
“There can be no just Europe
without an independent Poland on
the map of Europe!”
FALL OF THE
BERLIN WALL
Gorbachev’s Glasnost - Perestroika
“General Secretary Gorbachev, if you seek peace,
if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union and
Eastern Europe, if you seek liberalization: Come
here to this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate!
Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!” – Ronald
Reagan (June 12, 1987)
November 9, 1989
Unification October 3, 1990 – Reunification of
Germany
REVOLUTIONS
OF 1989
Poland, Hungary, East
Germany, Romania?
Velvet Revolution –
Czechoslovakia -Vaclav
Havel
Free elections, press
THE DEATH OF
YUGOSLAVIA
Republic of Yugoslavia (19441992)
Six republics – Croatia, Serbia,
Montenegro, Slovenia, Bosnia
and Herzegovina, Macedonia
Two autonomous regions –
Kosovo - Vojvodina
Josip Broz Tito (r. 1944-1980)
“Non-Alignment”
THE DEATH OF
YUGOSLAVIA
Multi-Ethnic
Violent Break – Civil War
Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia –
Independence 1991
Serb minorities in each above region
Slobodan Milosevic (1941-2006) –
Yugoslavia
“Ethnic Cleansing” – Bosnian
Muslims
THE EUROPEAN
UNION
Jean Monnet (1888-1979), Robert Schuman
(1886-1963)
1952 European Coal and Steel Community –
“Inner Six” – Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg,
France, Italy, Germany
1957 – Treaty of Rome – Common Market or
European Economic Community
1991 – Maastricht Treaty – “single Europe” –
European Union
European Parliament, European Commission,
Euro
THE EUROPEAN
UNION
27 Member Nations
Political and Economic (Euro)
16 members use Euro
“Europe without frontiers”
Peace, Stability, and Prosperity
United States of Europe?
BRIEF HISTORY
U.S. – SOVIET
RELATIONS
1917-1941 - Unfriendly
1941-1945 - Cooperative
1945 – 1971 – Hostile
1971 –1979 – Detente
1980-1985 - Strained
1980 – Present – Diplomacy