Transcript Aggressors on the March - World Civ at DHS with Mrs. Thomsen

Aggressors on the March
The Final Years before WWII
• How do the totalitarian governments of
Hitler, Stalin, and Mussolini lead to
WWII?
Add to your timeline:
• Europe:
– 1922: Mussolini March
on Rome
– 1924: Nazi Party
becomes an official
German political party
– 1929: Stalin becomes
dictator of USSR
– Great Depression hits
• Pacific:
– 1922: Japan signs a
treaty to respect
China’s borders
– 1928: Kellogg Briand
Pact
Japan
• Even though Japan was not considered a
totalitarian country, they had some
similarities
– They also were one of the key leaders in
starting WWII
Japan’s Democracy
• 1920’s Japan signed agreements to
not use war as a policy tool (KelloggBriand Pact)
– But Japan’s government had little control
over the military
– When the Great Depression hit, the
Government was blamed and military
leaders took control of the nation
How were they like other Totalitarian systems?
• Japan was…
– Ultra-Nationalistic
– Militaristic
– Wanted to conquer
neighbors (China)
to end economic
crisis
– Wanted room for
the Japanese
people at the
expense of others
Invasion of Manchuria (China’s
Northeastern Province)
• Why??
– Manchuria was…Rich in Coal and
Iron
• 1931
– Japan’s Military occupied the
province and set up a Puppet
Government
• League of Nations protested this
violation of international peace
but did nothing to stop Japan
– So…in 1933 Japan withdrawals
from the League of Nations
Japan invades China
• On the border of Manchuria and
China shots are fired between the
Japanese Army and the “Chinese”
Army (it was faked by the Japanese
Army to start the war)
– China’s large army was no match for
the better trained and equipped
Japanese forces
• The Chinese civil war between the
nationalist and the communists is put on
hold as all of China unites to fight the
Japanese.
– In less than 6 months Beijing and Nanking
are captured by Japan
• The Rape of Nanking, where 300,000 to 600,000
civilians were killed by the Japanese Army
• Read “Rape of Nanking”
1935: Mussolini attacks Ethiopia
1935: Mussolini attacks Ethiopia
• Why? revenge for Italy’s loss
in 1889 and to build an
empire
– Ethiopian army is no match for
Italian tanks, airplanes and
poison gas
• Haile Selassie, Emperor of
Ethiopia (previous advisor to Menelik
II), asks League of Nations for
help
– League does nothing, Selassie
warns “It is us today. It will be
you tomorrow.”
Hitler defies the Versailles Treaty
Hitler Defies Versailles Treaty
• 1935 announces that
Germany is rebuilding Armed
Forces
• 1936 German Troops occupy
the Rhineland
– part of Germany
– but demilitarized after WWI
– buffer zone between
Germany/France
• Scared of starting a world war France does
nothing!
Alliances are formed
• 1936, Hitler, Mussolini and Japan form an
alliance called the Axis Powers.
1936: Civil War in Spain
• Nationalist (Fascists) under
General Francisco Franco
rebels against the
Republicans (Liberals and
Socialists)
– Germany and Italy send
airplanes and soldiers to help
Franco and test new
weapons.
– France, the UK, and the US do
nothing to support the
Republicans.
• Only the Soviet Union sends equipment and
advisors.
Guernica
Pablo Picasso, 1937
• Picasso was a famous Spanish painter,
1881-1973.
• The canvas is very large, 11x 25 feet
• Depicts the bombing of Guernica, a
historical Spanish Basque town, by the
Nazis.
• Killed a thousand people, one out of
eight people.
What were the Causes of the Spanish Civil War?
• tensions between industrial democratic
peoples and supporters of agrarian feudalism
• regional independence movements (especially
in Catalonia and Basque territory) vs.
nationalism
• dispute over the role of the Catholic Church
Spanish Civil War
1936-1939
• Until 1931 Spain was a monarchy
• In 1931 a republic was established, run by
socialist and liberals (called “Republicans”).
• Spain was facing many problems, especially
during the economic depression.
• 1936 a revolt began in favor of
a fascist government, led by
General Francisco Franco and
supported by army leaders.
Support from the outside
• Western democracies and the Allied
Powers were reluctant to get
involved in the civil war. Only the
Soviet Union sent aid (to the
Republicans).
– 2,000 Americans unofficially
volunteered to help the Republican side
(Lincoln Brigade)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URtWFEKHsv
s&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1
Support from the outside
• Hitler and Mussolini sent weapons,
tanks, air planes and troops to aid
the Nationalist. The Spanish Civil
war became a weapons testing
ground for the Axis Powers of WWII.
Support from the outside
• Non-government groups sent aid
– Ford, Texaco, Firestone, and General
Motors sent tires, trucks, etc.
Hitler sent his famous “Condor Legion.” This was a group of
skilled pilots with new planes that were skilled at dive
bombing..
They bombed
the city of
Guernica and
slaughtered the
inhabitants.
Women and
children were
killed….
The Bull in the painting is a symbol of
Spain. The bull “observes” the destruction
in front of him.
The fallen warrior is laid out in a crucifix
position…
There are terrible
images—a woman
holding a dead child.
A person burning in a fire…
Some say that Picasso painting an open
door so that he could “escape” from the
violence.
Picasso
• Picasso was a supporter of the
Republican Party and disliked Franco
and his Fascist party, who was
supported by the Nazis.
• Made a series of prints leading up to his
masterpiece Guernica which expressed
his dislike of Franco.
• Guernica was shown throughout the
world to protest war
– Picasso said that it should not return to
Spain until after Franco’s death
Child refugees from Spain
• The civil war lasted three years, the
Republicans could not defeat the
Nationalist Franco’s professional
army.
– 500,000-600,000 people lost their lives
• Franco became Spain’s dictator.
Lessons Learned (that lead to WWII)
-Hitler learns Britain and France were
not prepared to oppose aggressive
military action
-Stalin feels Britain and France may
not honor the Locarno Pact and aid
Soviet Union if Hitler attacks
- helps push Stalin to sign Non-Aggression
Pact with Hitler in mid-1939
-Italy and Germany closer together
•Franco remained neutral during WWII, so Spain did not go
through the devastation of World War II.
Franco died in 1975.
Credits
• This Spanish Civil War PowerPoint was adapted from one created
by Mrs. Sigrid Olsen at Sprague High School in Salem,
• OR:
• http://sprague2.net/staff/olsen_sigrid/pp_links.php
Read article (eye-witness account)
• The Tragedy of Guernica
– Town Destroyed In Air Attack
• http://www.spanish-fiestas.com/art/Picassoguernica.htm
United States Isolates itself from the World
• Many in the US
argued that it was a
mistake to enter
WWI
– Want to avoid future
wars
• Passed 3 Neutrality
Acts that banned
loaning or selling
weapons to nations
at war
Hitler creates a Greater Germany (the Third Reich)
• What is the Third Reich?
– 1st Reich=Holy Roman Empire
• Brought to an end by Napoleon
– 2nd Reich= German Empire brought to
power by Prussia
• Brought to an end after WWI
– 3rd Reich=Hitler’s Empire
Hitler creates a Greater Germany (the Third Reich)
• Hitler starts invading
countries
– Openly breaking the
Versailles Treaty
– Hitler orders German
troops into Austria
• absorbs the nation into
Germany
Appeasement and the Munich Conference
• Britain and France were preparing for war when Mussolini
called for a meeting to settle the issue
• Britain, France, Italy and Germany met in Munich to decide
the fate of Czechoslovakia (who was threatened by Germany)
– the Czechs were not invited
• British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain
– believed that by giving in to Hitler world war would be avoided
– this policy is called appeasement
• Hitler promises to be satisfied with the Sudetenland
• In less than six months Hitler occupies the rest of
Czechoslovakia
Mussolini takes Albania
• Jealous that Hitler has gained so much without
firing a shot:
– Mussolini kicks out King Zog of Albania (one of the
poorest nations in Europe)
• Makes it part of Italy
• Hitler continues his push for a greater Germany and
claims the port city of Memel from Lithuania
– Cancels nonaggression pact he had with Poland
Poland…
• Hitler, encouraged by
all his success without
war eyes Poland as his
next conquest.
– But…Invading Poland
would anger the Soviet
Union and might even
risk war.
• Hitler is confident that France
and Britain would do nothing
like before
Nazis and Soviets at Peace????
• In August of 1939, Hitler and
Stalin sign a public
nonaggression pact promising
not to attack one another.
Secretly:
• Poland is divided between the two.
– Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Finland are given to
the Soviet Union for future conquest
• Germany gives USSR plans for naval vessels,
subs, airplane engines
• USSR will supply Germany with many raw
goods
Hitler ignores the pact!
• Hitler betrays Stalin
– Ignores the Pact
– Invades Poland
• WWII begins!