Transcript Ch. 25+26

WORLD WAR II
CHAPTER 25: The Global
Crisis
FASCISM CREATES TWO LEADERS
• Fascism: type of government emphasizing
loyalty to the state and obedience to its leader
• Similar to Communism b/c:
• Rule by one
• Denied individual rights
• State was supreme
• Unlike Communism b/c:
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Believed in separate social classes
No clearly defined theories
Made up of middle and upper classes
Fascists = nationalists; Communists
=internationalists
BENITO MUSSOLINI
• Newspaper editor
• 1919  became leader of Fascist Party
• Black Shirts – followers who acted as his
militia
• Ran a campaign of terror on Italian Commies
• Oct. 1922  30,000 Fascists marched to
Rome demanding he be made leader
• King Victor Emmanuel III said OK
• Mussolini now Il Duce, or the Leader
legally
ADOLF HITLER
• Little known leader, born in Austria
• Fought in WWI for Germany
• 1920  joined, and led, political group,
National Socialist German Workers’ Party
• A.k.a. Nazi Party
• Nazism: German brand of fascism
supported by middle and lower classes
• Swastika: symbol (crooked cross)
• Brown Shirts: private militia
• Der Führer: Hitler’s title (the leader)
ADOLF HITLER (cont)
• 1923  arrested and jailed after trying to seize
Munich
• Mein Kampf: book Hitler wrote in prison
• Aryan: German race (especially blond hair/blue
eyed) – superior to all, esp. Jews
• Need to conquer other areas
• Jan. 1933  Hitler becomes Chancellor legally
• President thinks Hitler could be used as a puppet
• Hitler created a totalitarian state
• Opponents banned
• SS (Shutzstaffel)  protection squad created
• Gestapo  German secret police created
ADOLF HITLER (cont)
• Wanted total control over everyone
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Burned books
Hitler Youth and League of German Girls
Censored churches
HUGE waves of anti-Semitism (we’ll get to
this more in depth later)
WORLD DRIFTING TOWARDS WAR
• 1931  Japan takes Manchuria
• League of Nations condemned Japan, so
Japan withdrew from the League
• League did nothing
• May 1936  Mussolini goes after Ethiopia
• Again, League did nothing
• July 7, 1937  Japan invades China
• And again, League did nothing
SIDE TRACK BONUS QUESTION
• Why do you think the League of Nations,
among other western European nations
(i.e., Great Britain, France) did NOTHING?
ANSWER: because they would do
ANYTHING to keep peace and not start
another war.
WORLD DRIFTING TOWARDS WAR
• Hitler Defies the Treaty of Versailles
• March 7, 1935  Hitler took back Rhineland –
the buffer zone/industrial gem between
France and Germany
• Great Britain and France’s reaction 
appeasement, or giving in to an aggressor
(Hitler) in order to keep peace
• EFFECT: Hitler saw he could get away with it,
so sped up his military and territorial
expansion
• Nov. 1936  Axis Powers – Japan,
Germany, and Italy – formed
GERMANY
RHINELAND
FRANCE
WORLD DRIFTING TOWARDS WAR
• Through this, U.S. chooses isolationism:
the belief that political ties to other
countries should be avoided
• Nov. 5, 1937  Hitler announces his plan
to expand the Third Reich
• March 1938  Hitler annexes Austria
• France and Great Britain did NOTHING!
HITLER GOES FOR SUDETENLAND
• Sudetenland: area in Czechoslovakia that
used to be German land (many Germans)
• Sept. 1938  Hitler demanded that
Czechs give it back to Germany
• Sept. 29, 1938  Munich Conference –
meeting b/t Great Britain, France,
Germany, and Italy
• RESULT: Britain and France say Hitler can
take back Sudetenland if he respects Czechs
new borders (appeasement)
• 6 months later…Hitler invades
Czechoslovakia
SIDE TRACK BONUS QUESTION #2
• What major country (that probably
should have been there) was not at the
Munich Conference?
• ANSWER: Czechoslovakia  they had no
say in the agreement
NAZIS & SOVIETS ARE FRIENDS…
• Aug. 23, 1939  USSR and Germany
signed nonaggression pact – promised
never to attack each other
• Secretly planned to also conquer Poland and
divide it in 2
• Sept. 1, 1939  Germany attacks Poland
• Sept. 3, 1939  Britain and France
declare war on Germany
• BEGINNING OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR
TWO SIDES
•AXIS POWERS:
•Germany
•Italy
•Japan
•ALLIED POWERS:
•France
•Great Britain
•USSR
•United States
•NOTE#1: countries enter war at different times
•NOTE #2: these countries are the “main players.” More
were involved.
HITLER’S LIGHTNING WAR
• Blitzkrieg: Germany’s military strategy
involving fast-moving airplane from their
air force (Luftwaffe) and tanks from their
army (Wehrmacht), followed by massive
infantry
• A.k.a., the Lightning War
• Destroyed Poland, esp. Warsaw
• Western ½ fell to Germany, eastern ½ fell to
the USSR
EERIE CALM
• For months, the French and British troops
waited for war on the Maginot Line
(French/German border)
• “The Phony War”  Allied troops marched
towards Germany b/c they were bored
• April 9, 1940  Hitler invaded Denmark
and Norway (get closer to Britain)
• May 1940  Hitler strikes Luxembourg,
Holland, and Belgium (get closer to
France: done in 10 days)
• “The Phony War” was over
FRANCE
• May 26, 1940  Germans trap French on
a peninsula (Brits help out)
• June 10, 1940  Italy enters war and
attacks France
• June 22, 1940  France surrenders
• Vichy France: southern part of France
used as a puppet gov’t for the Axis
• Charles de Gaulle: French general – fled
to London and started making plans to
get France back
• THE POINT? The French fought back
GREAT BRITAIN
• Winston Churchill: P.M. of Britain
• “We shall never surrender.”
• Fight for Britain an air battle
• RAF – 2900 planes v. Luftwaffe – 4500 planes
• Sept. 7, 1940 – May 10, 1941  Battle of
Britain: Nazis attacked Britain especially
big cities like London
• RESULTS: Hitler called off attacks
• LESSON LEARNED: Hitler’s advances
could be stopped
SIDE TRACK BONUS QUESTION #3
• Next, we are going to learn about the
Shoah, which is considered one of the
most important events in WWII.
Question is, what is the Shoah?
• ANSWER: The Holocaust  Shoah is the
Hebrew word for it
LEADING UP TO THE HOLOCAUST
• Holocaust: massive slaughter of civilians,
especially Jews
• Nazis promoted anti-Semitism
• Jews were blamed for the economic
problems of the country after WWI and
during the Depression
• Anti-Semitism had been going on for
centuries in Germany, and Europe, before
the Holocaust
LEADING UP TO THE HOLOCAUST
• 1933  law states Jews cannot hold
public office
• 1935  Nuremberg Laws: deprived Jews
of their natural rights
• Nov. 9, 1938  Kristallnacht – “Night of
the Broken Glass”
• Nazis attacked Jews and destroyed their
homes and businesses
• EFFECT: signaled beginning of elimination of
the Jews
• Ghettos – segregated Jewish areas –
were created in Polish cities
THE “FINAL SOLUTION”
• Final Solution: Hitler’s plan of genocide –
killing of an entire people
• Jews (especially), Poles, Russians, Gypsies,
homosexuals, insane, and disabled
• Hitler did this b/c he was impatient that
Jews weren’t dying fast enough
THE “FINAL SOLUTION”
• Hitler sent SS from town to town to hunt
down Jews
• SS took Jews to isolated spots and killed
them in mass graves
• Took other Jews to concentration camps
where they’d work as slaves
MASS EXTERMINATION
• Early 1942  Final Stage
• Death camps built with gas chambers for mass
murder  6000 per day
• Auschwitz: largest death camp
NUMBERS
• 6 million Jews died in death camps and
Nazi massacres
• Most of the Jews were either from Poland
or the Soviet Union
http://www.cbsnews.com/section
s/i_video/main500251.shtml?id=
2274705n
U.S. IN…SORT OF
• Summer 1941  U.S. begins supplying
the Allies
• Hitler attacks these ships with his
Kriegsmarine (Navy) U-boats
• Sept. 4, 1941  U-boats attack U.S.
destroyer
• U.S. Navy “unofficially” at war with
Germany
PACIFIC CAMPAIGN
• Dec. 7, 1941  Japanese attack Pearl
Harbor
• Led by Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto – greatest
naval strategist in Japanese history
• Destroyed nearly the entire U.S. Pacific fleet
in 2 hours
• Dec. 8, 1941  U.S. declared war
on Japan
Franklin Delano Roosevelt, President of the
United States, gave a speech to Congress
about the attack.
CHAPTER 26: THE U.S. IN WWII
WAR IN NORTHERN AFRICA
• Sept. 1940  Mussolini
goes after British controlled
Egypt
• Brits fight back and push
out Italy
• General Erwin Rommel:
German general who helps
Italians fight war in Africa
• A.k.a., the “Desert Fox”
• Pushed Allies back and took
major port city of Tobruk
NORTH AFRICA CAMPAIGN
• Allies have two generals go
and win it back
• General Bernard Montgomery:
British
• General Dwight Eisenhower:
American
• Operation Torch:
Eisenhower’s plan to invade
Morocco and Algeria to trap
Rommel
• RESULT: Rommel’s Afrika
Korps smashed by May 1943
SOVIETS V. NAZIS
• June 22, 1941  Operation Barbarossa:
German blitzkrieg invasion of the USSR
• Went after Leningrad and Moscow
• Leningrad destroyed
• Moscow saved b/c of reinforcements and
Russian winter
SIDE TRACK BONUS QUESTION #4
• What other major leader in World History
lost his battle with Russia due to its crude
winters?
• ANSWER: Napoleon  during WWII, the
Soviets also used the scorched-earth
policy like the Russians did against
Napoleon
PACIFIC CAMPAIGN
• At first, the Japanese had a wave of
victories
• At peak, Japan controlled over one million
miles of land and 150 million people
• Jan. 1942  Japan took Philippines, a
U.S. territory
• Bataan Death March: brutal transfer of
American & Filipino POW’s by the
Japanese in 1942
“I was questioned by a Japanese officer who found out that I had been in a Philippine
Scout Battalion. The [Japanese] hated the Scouts….Anyway, they took me outside and
I was forced to watch as they buried six of my Scouts alive. They made the men dig
their own graves, and then had them kneel down in a pit. The guards hit them over the
head with shovels to stun them and piled earth on top.” - Lieutenant John Spainhower
PACIFIC CAMPAIGN
• Allies Turn the Tide
• Doolittle Raid on Tokyo did little to destroy the city,
but raised American morale
• June 4, 1942  Battle of Midway: battle b/t
Japanese and Americans for the American
controlled Midway Island
• U.S. destroyed the largest naval force ever
assembled in naval history (done by Yamamoto)
• New type of warfare used  airplanes took off from
aircraft carriers and did all the fighting
• RESULTS: Americans won and it turned the tide of
war in the Pacific against the Japanese
PACIFIC CAMPAIGN
• Allies go on the Offensive
• Led by General Douglas
MacArthur – commander of
the Allied forces in Pacific
• His strategy: island hop,
take weak islands, get close
to Japan
• Aug. 7, 1942 – Feb. 1943
 Battle of Guadalcanal:
ended with the Japanese
leaving the “island of
death”
ON THE ROAD TO VICTORY
• Dec. 22, 1942  Stalin asks Churchill and
FDR for help on the western front
• Agreed to help, but in different ways
STALINGRAD
• Aug. 23, 1942  Battle of Stalingrad:
fought b/t Germans and Soviets
• Feb. 2, 1943  Germans surrendered
• 99% of city destroyed
• 1 million Russians died
SIDE TRACK BONUS QUESTION #5
• How are the Battle of Stalingrad and the
Battle of Midway similar?
• ANSWER: both were major turning points
in the war  they both put the Axis
Powers on the defensive and the Allies on
the offensive
INVASION OF ITALY
• July 10, 1943  180,000 Ally soldiers
land on Sicily
• Sept. 3, 1943  Italy surrenders
• Mussolini timeline:
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Fired
Arrested
Restored to Il Duce
Gets run out of Italy
Gets found by Italian opponents of him
April 29, 1945  gets executed, and then
hung in Milan town square
SIDE TRACK BONUS QUESTION #6
• Next, we are going to learn about
Operation Overlord, which is considered
one of the most important events in
WWII. Question is, what is Operation
Overlord?
• ANSWER: D-DAY
D-DAY
• Operation Overlord: invasion of
Normandy that was the greatest land and
sea attack in history
• June 6, 1944  D-Day
• Allies held beach head and won  were
able to push through German lines in
France
BATTLE OF THE BULGE
• Germany is getting advanced on both
fronts
• Hitler decides to go with a counterattack
on the western front
• Dec. 16, 1944  Battle of the Bulge: held
on an 85-mile front in the Ardennes
Forest
• Allies got surprised, but eventually won the
battle
GERMANY’S UNCONDITIONAL SURRENDER
• March 1945  Allies take Berlin
• Apr. 29, 1945  Hitler makes final
address to country
• Blames Jews for war, generals for losses, and
tells Germany he’s going to commit suicide
• April 30, 1945  Hitler and his wife, Eva
Braun, kill themselves
• May 7, 1945  Eisenhower accepts
unconditional surrender from Germany
• May 8, 1945  V-E Day: Victory in
Europe Day – war over in Europe
VICTORY IN THE PACIFIC
• Fall 1944  U.S. got Philippines back and are
making their way towards Japan
• Oct. 23, 1944  Battle of Letye Gulf:
destroyed Japanese navy and now they only
have Japanese army and kamikaze – suicide
pilots – left to fight
VICTORY IN THE PACIFIC
• March 1945  U.S.
takes Iwo Jima
• Huge losses, but
getting close to Japan
• June 22, 1945  U.S.
took Okinawa
• Bloodiest land battle
in the war, but again,
closer to Japan
SIDE TRACK BONUS QUESTION #7
• What was the Manhattan Project?
• ANSWER: Find out on next page
JAPANESE SURRENDER
• Manhattan Project: creation of the
atomic bomb, or A-bomb
• Truman used it b/c it was speculated that
if the troops invaded Japan, it’d cost ½
million lives
• Truman warned the Japanese, but they
ignored him
• uh-oh…
JAPANESE SURRENDER
• Aug. 6, 1945  U.S. drops A-bomb on
Hiroshima
• 73,000 dead
• Aug. 9, 1945  U.S. drops A-bomb on
Nagasaki
• 37,500 dead
• NOTE: radiation killed many more
• Sept. 2, 1945  Japanese surrender to
MacArthur
• WWII IS COMPLETELY OVER!
AFTERMATH IN EUROPE
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40 million dead  2/3 civilians
Cities, towns, countryside destroyed
Millions left homeless
Nuremberg Trials: int’l military tribunal
putting Nazi war criminals on trial
• Many either executed or killed selves
AFTERMATH IN JAPAN
• U.S. took occupation of Japan
• MacArthur in charge
• Made it a constitutional monarchy (like
Great Britain)
• Demilitarized Japan  left with only
police
AFTERMATH IN THE U.S.
• We are out of the Great Depression
• 1.2% unemployment
• Largest mass migration in U.S. History
• Millions went to CA between 1941-1944
• GI Bill of Rights – created in 1944
• Gave education and training for veterans; many used
it to attend college (still exists)
• Civil rights movements began to take place
• Internment (confinement) camps – 110,000
Japanese Americans were relocated to remote
prison camps
• After the war, the Japanese Americans fought the
injustice; every Japanese American sent to a
relocation camp received $20,000 (under REAGAN!!)
WHAT THE FUTURE HOLDS
• Enemies became friends and friends
became enemies
• Japan and U.S. allies after WWII
• USSR and U.S. enemies after WWII