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Warm Up:
Prepare for Chapter 13 Quiz
Chapter 14 Section 1
The War in Africa & Europe
The Battle of the Atlantic
U- boat attacks
• German U-boats (submarines) attacked supply
ships bound for Great Britain
• Attacked in groups known as wolf packs
• Hunted at night
• American and British vessels sailed without
protection
• Easy targets
The Battle of the Atlantic
Convoy System
• American shipyards produced at amazing rates
• Navy was able to provide convoys to protect supply ships
- Reduced effectiveness of U-boats
• Allied aircraft protected & provided cover
• Allies cracked the German code system in 1941
- Enigma machine
- Gained information about locations of U-boat formations
• By end of war, 70% of Germans who served on submarines
were dead
Convoy System
Convoy System
The war in the Soviet Union
• Hitler broke non-aggression pact with Stalin in
1941
• German forces stormed across the U.S.S.R.
- Blitzkrieg
• Germans advance deep in Russia
- Outskirts of Leningrad, Moscow and Stalingrad
• German forces were slowed by the Russian
winter
The Battle of Stalingrad
• The turning point of the war in the Soviet Union
was the battle of Stalingrad
- February of 1943.
• The Germans repeatedly failed to capture the
city.
- 250,000 German soldiers surrender
• After German defeat at Stalingrad, the Soviets
slowly pushed the German army out of the Soviet
Union.
Watch: Enemy at the Gates
War in North Africa
• The British needed to control the Mediterranean
to maintain oil supplies from the Middle East
• Italian and German forces fought the British over
control of North Africa
• Pushed British out of Libya & into Egypt
- Led by General Erwin Rommel
• The British defeated the Germans at the Battle of
El Alamein (Nov. 1942)
• Turning point of the war in North Africa
Operation Torch
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American invasion of N. Africa
Led by Dwight d. Eisenhower
Allies invaded Morocco & Algeria in Nov. 1942
Defeated Rommel & Germans by May 1943
20,000 U.S. casualties
Allied Invasion of Italy
• From N. Africa, Allied troops invaded Sicily
(7/1943)
• Italians overthrew Mussolini, Italians surrendered
(9/1943)
• German forces continued to fight
• Allies invaded Italian mainland at Anzio
- 25-30,000 Allied casualties
• Allied troops captured Rome (June 4, 1944)
• 300,000 Allied casualties in Italian campaign
Fate of Mussolini
D-Day: The Invasion of France
• Operation Overlord – massive invasion of France
• Led by American General Omar Bradley and
British General Bernard Montgomery
D-Day- June 6, 1944
• Allied soldiers landed on the beaches of
Normandy in Northern France
- Involved land, sea and air Forces
• faced heavy German resistance
• 10,000 Allied casualties
Watch: Saving Private Ryan
D-Day: The Invasion of France
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Invasion was successful
Allies gained a beachhead
By July, 1 million Allied soldiers were in France
180,000 vehicles
Allies captured Paris by August 1944
Battle of the Bulge
• Last major German offensive against the Allies
• Dec. 6,1944
• German advance created a bulge in the Allied
lines
• Victory at Bastogne haled German offensive
- General George S. Patton
Warm Up:
• What were the major turning points of WWII
in Europe and Africa?
Chapter 14
Section 2
Anti-Semitism
• Hostility toward or prejudice against
Jews
Hitler’s Views
• Told Germans that they came from a
superior race – the Aryans
• Used the Jews as a scapegoat
– someone to blame for Germany’s
woes after World War I
History of Jews in Germany
• Jews lived in Germany for 1,600 years.
• Hostility toward Jews existed since the
Middle Ages.
• Anti-Jewish Nazi laws mirrored
medieval efforts to humiliate Jews.
• Anti-Semitism changed from prejudice
based on religion to hatred based on
ancestry.
Nazi Anti-Semitism
Hitler in Power
•Began campaign against Jews soon after
becoming chancellor
•Established a series of anti-Semitic laws
intended to drive Jews from Germany
•Laws stripped Jews of their citizenship
and took away most civil and economic
rights.
•Laws defined who was a Jew.
Nazi Anti-Semitism
Attacks on Jews
•Many Germans supported Hitler’s
anti-Semitic ideas.
•Discrimination and violent attacks
against Jews continued.
•Anti-Jewish riots broke out in an
attack called Kristallnacht.
Nazi Anti-Semitism
Fleeing Germany
•Over 100,000 managed to leave
Germany after Kristallnacht.
•Others found it difficult to leave the
country as Nazi laws had left many
without money or property.
•Many countries were unwilling to take in
poor immigrants.
•The United States limited the number of
Germans immigrants.
The Nazi Government’s Final Solution
• World War II brought many of Europe’s 9 million Jews under the control of
the Nazi SS.
• Concentration camps were built in Germany and in other countries that
the Germans occupied.
– The camps were prisons for Jews and others considered enemies of
Hitler’s regime.
– Conditions in the camps were horrific.
• The Nazis also established ghettos to control and punish Jews.
– Ghettos are neighborhoods in a city to which a group of people are
confined.
– Life in the Jewish ghettos was desperate.
– The worst ghetto was in Warsaw, Poland.
• In 1941 Hitler called for the total destruction of all of Europe’s Jews.
– At first mobile killing units—Einsatzgruppen—massacred Jews.
– Then, Nazi officials adopted a plan known as the Final Solution.
Camps
•Prisons for Jews, prisoners-of-war,
and enemies of the Nazi regime
•Inmates received little food and were
forced to labor.
•The combination of overwork and
starvation was intended to kill.
•Punishment for minor offenses was
swift, sure, and deadly.
Ghettos
•Walls or fences kept the Jews inside and
those trying to leave were shot.
•Food was scarce; starvation was
rampant.
•Diseases spread rapidly.
•The worst ghetto was in Warsaw,
Poland.
•Some Jews in the Warsaw ghetto—the
Jewish Fighting Organization—fought
back.
The Final Solution
•Genocide – the killing of an entire
people
•Involved building 6 new extermination
camps for Jews
•Inmates were exposed to poison gas in
specially built chambers.
•3 million Jews died in extermination
camps.
•3 million Jews and 5 million others were
killed by the Nazi using other means.
The American response to the
Holocaust
• Despite knowing about Hitler’s policies toward the Jews and
events such as Kristallnacht, American immigration limited
the number of Jews who could move to the United States.
• In 1942, Americans officials began to hear about what was
happening to the Jews in Europe and specifically about
Hitler’s Final Solution.
– The Americans were doubtful at first and thought the
reports might just be war rumors.
• Finally in 1944, Roosevelt created the War Refugee Board.
– Through this board, the United States was able to help
200,000 Jews.