Transcript United States

World History
Chapter 26
World War II
Section 3:
The New Order & the
Holocaust
I. The New Order in Europe
• Nazi-occupied Europe was organized in
two ways:
• 1. Lands annexed by Nazi Germany and
made into German provinces
• 2. Run by German military or civilian
officials with help from local people who
were willing to collaborate with the
Nazis
A. Resettlement in the East
• Living space for German
expansion
• Racial program put into place in
Poland
• Aryan vs. Slavic people
• Heinrich Himmler, leader of
the SS, in charge of resettlement
plans in the East
Hitler and Himmler
A. Resettlement in the East
• Poles uprooted, ethnic Germans
brought in to colonize Poland
• Slavic people became slave labor
B. Slave Labor in Germany
• Labor shortages
• 7 million forced into slave labor
• Problems:
• 1. disrupted industrial
production
• 2. brutal ness of the system
II. The Holocaust
• Deliberate attempt to
exterminate the Jews
• Racial struggle between the
Aryans and the Jews
• Final Solution, Nazis plan to
exterminate the Jews
• genocide, physical
extermination
A. The Einsatzgruppen
• Reinhard Heydrich, head of
the SS’s Security Service,
administered the Final Solution
• Einsatzgruppen, special strike
forces to carry out plan
• Jews in Poland rounded up and
put into ghettos
Jewish Ghetto
A. The Einsatzgruppen
• Conditions in the ghettos were
horrible (crowded, unsanitary
housing, food shortages)
• Some organized resistance
• Einsatzgruppen were organized
into mobile killing units (death
squads)
A. The Einsatzgruppen
• Round up Jews, execute them
and bury them in mass graves
• Killed about a million Jews
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Einsatzgruppen
Mass
Grave
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B. The Death Camps
• Einsatzgruppen was too slow
• The Nazis built special death
camps
• Jews rounded up, put on freight
trains and shipped to six
extermination centers
• The largest was Auschwitz
Maps and
Charts 3
B. The Death Camps
• 30% were sent to labor camps
where they were starved and
worked to death
• The remainder went to the gas
chambers
• Some inmates were subjected to
medical experiments
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C. The Death Toll
• 5 to 6 million Jews
• 2 out 3 of every European Jew
• 9 to 10 million non-Jewish
people (Roma or Gypsies)
• Leading citizens of the Slavic
people were arrested and killed
C. The Death Toll
• 3 to 4 million Soviet prisoners of
war
• Mass slaughter of European Jews is
known as the Holocaust
• Some people resisted, some chose
not to believe the accounts of
death
• Collaborators, people who
assisted the enemy)
D. Children in the War
• Children were unable to work, so
mothers and children were gassed first
• Jewish males learned to look older
• 1.2 million Jewish children died in the
Holocaust
• Some children were evacuated to the
countryside
• 13 million orphaned
D. Children in the War
• Last years of the war Hitler Youth
members often 14 or 15 could be found
on the front lines
III. The New Order in Asia
• Defensive occupation
• Growing need for raw materials
• Outlet for manufactured goods
• “Greater East-Asia Co-prosperity
Sphere”
A. Japanese Policies
• Local gov’t would be est. under Japanese
control
• Power rested w/ Japanese military
authorities in each territory
• Economic resources were used for the
benefit of the Japanese war machine
• Native peoples served in local military units
or were forced to work on public works
projects
A. Japanese Policies
• Severe hardships
• Forcibly took rice and shipped it
abroad
• Food shortage
B. Japanese Behavior
• Arrogance and contempt for local
customs
• Little respect for the lives of their
subjects
• China, 1937, several days of killing,
raping and looting “the Rape of
Nanjing”
• Korean people forced to labor
“the Rape
of Nanjing”
B. Japanese Behavior
• Labor forces both prisoners of war and
local people
• 12,000 Allied prisoners of war
• Ho Chi Minh’s Communist Party
provided information of Japanese troop
movements
Section 4:
The Home Front & the
Aftermath of the War
I. The Mobilization of Peoples:
Four Examples
• Even more than World War I, World
War II was a total war.
• Economic mobilization (the act of
assembling and preparing for war)
was more extensive.
• The number of civilians killed –
almost 20 million – was far higher.
A. The Soviet Union
• The Soviet city of Leningrad
experienced 900 hundred days of
siege.
• Women and girls worked in
industries and mines & railroads.
• Soviet women served as snipers
and also in aircrews of bomber
squadrons.
B. The United States
• The United States was not fighting the
war in its own territory.
• The United States produced much of
the military equipment the Allies
needed.
• The construction of new factories
created boomtowns. Thousands came
there to work but then faced a shortage
of houses and schools.
B. The United States
• 16 million men and women enrolled
in the military and another 16
million went looking for jobs.
• The presence of African Americans
in areas where they had not lived
before led to racial tensions and
sometimes even racial riots.
B. The United States
• 1 million African Americans enrolled in
the military. There they were
segregated in their own battle units.
• On the west coast, Japanese
Americans were moved to camps
surrounded by barbed wire and
required to take loyalty oaths.
• Public officials claimed the policy was
necessary for security reasons.
C. Germany
• To maintain the morale of the home front,
Hitler refused to cut consumer goods
production or to increase the production of
armaments.
• Hitler’s architect, Albert Speer was made
minister for armaments and munitions in
1942.
• A total mobilization of the Germany
economy was put into effect in July 1944.
• Many German women, especially those of
the middle class, did not want jobs,
particularly in factories.
D. Japan
• In Japan, traditional habits of
obedience and hierarchy were used
to encourage citizens to sacrifice their
resources and sometimes their lives,
for the national cause.
• Young Japanese were encouraged to
volunteer to serve as pilots in suicide
missions against the U.S. fighting ships
at sea. These pilots were known as
kamikaze, or “divine wind”.
D. Japan
• Japan was extremely reluctant to
mobilize women on behalf of Japan’s
war effort.
• Instead of using women to meet labor
shortages, the Japanese government
brought in Korean and Chinese
laborers.
II. Frontline Civilians: The
Bombing of Cities
• The bombing of civilians in World
War II made the home front a
dangerous place.
• The bombing of civilian populations
would be an effective way to force
governments to make peace.
A. Britain
• Beginning in 1940, the German air
force bombed London nightly.
• The blitz, as the British called the
German air raids, soon became a
national experience.
B. Germany
• Major bombing raids on Germany cities began
in 1942.
• The ferocious bombing of Dresden created a
firestorm that may have killed thousands.
• It is highly unlikely that Allied bombing
sapped the morale or the German people or
destroyed Germany’s industrial capacity.
• The widespread destruction of
transportation systems and fuel supplies
made it extremely difficult for the new
materials to reach the German military.
C. Japan
• Fearing high U.S. casualties in a land
invasion of Japan, President Truman
and his advisers decided to drop the
Atomic bomb on Hiroshima and
Nagasaki in August of 1945.
III. Peace & a New War
• The total victory of the Allies in World War II
was followed not by a real peace but by a
period of political tensions, known as the
Cold War.
• Primarily an ideological conflict between the
United States and the Soviet Union the
Cold War was to dominate world affairs until
the end of the 1980’s.
A. The Tehran Conference
• Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill leaders of
the Big Three met in Tehran in November
1943.
• Stalin and Roosevelt had argued successfully
for an American-British invasion through
France.
• It meant that Soviet and British-American
forces would meet in defeated Germany
along a north - south dividing line.
B. The Yalta Conference
• The Big Three powers met again in Yalta in
southern Russia in February 1945.
• Stalin wanted a buffer to protect the Soviet
Union from possible future Western
aggression.
• Roosevelt favored the idea of selfdetermination in Europe. This involved a
pledge to help liberated Europe in the
creation of “democratic institutions of their
own choice”.
• At Yalta, Roosevelt sought Soviet military help
against Japan.
B. The Yalta Conference
• The creation of the United Nations was a
major American concern at Yalta.
• Germany would be divided into 4 zones,
which would be occupied & governed by the
military forces of the Allies.
• The issue of free elections in Eastern Europe
caused a serious split between the Soviets
and the Americans.
C. The Potsdam Conference
• The Potsdam conference began under a
cloud of mistrust. Roosevelt had died in April
12, 1945 and had been succeeded as
president by Harry S. Truman.
• Truman demanded free elections throughout
Eastern Europe.
• Free elections might result in governments
hostile to the Soviets.
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D. A New Struggle
• Former British Prime Minister Winston
Churchill declared that “an iron
curtain” had “descended across the
continent”, dividing Europe into two
hostile camps.
Maps and
Charts 4
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