Transcript war!

Chapter 11
World
War II
Images from Google Images
World War II marked the
beginning of the nation’s role
as a superpower. The war also
transformed the American
economy into an enormously
productive and enduringly
prosperous economy.” TAJ
1939-1945
WW II Leaders
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Benito Mussolini: Italy
Adolf Hitler: Germany
Joseph Stalin: Soviet Union (Russia)
America: FDR
Japan: Hideki Tojo
Section 1
The
War
Begins
“He who wants to live must fight, and he who does not want to fight in
this world, where eternal struggle is the law of life, has no right to exist.”
Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf ( My struggle)
Rise of Dictators
Rise to power by taking advantage of people’s anger and suffering.
Italy
Made fascism, a political
system where the
government is seen as
more important than
individuals.
Extreme nationalism and racism
His Fascist Party gained
enough power to force Italy’s
king to declare him head of
the government.
Mid -1930’s began expanding
territory
Benito Mussolini
Il Duce (the leader)
“God and history will remember your judgment. It is us today. It will be you
tomorrow.” (Ethiopian Emperor, Haile Selassis, appealing to the League of Nations for help.)
Germany
Exploited concern over
inflation and
unemployment
Adolf Hitler
Became chairman of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party – Nazis
Openly racist
1933-Became chancellor- chief
minister of Germany- ended all
democracy and established
totalitarian rule
Anti-Semitism- hatred of
Jews (Blamed them for
Germany’s problems)
In a totalitarian state a single party and its leader
controls every aspect of citizens’ lives
1936- Formed an alliance with
Italy
Soviet Union
Rose to power as
Communist
leader (1928)
Demanded
complete
obedience
Joseph Stalin
Controlled by
use of force
Terrorized those he saw as political
enemies, killing and imprisoning millions
of Soviet citizens
Japan
1930s- Military leaders in Japan rose to
power as Japanese became upset with their
government for not solving their economic
problems during the Depression.
September 1931- Launched an
attack on province of Manchuria
(NE China). Killed hundreds of
thousands
Signed a pact of alliance
with Germany and
Italy.
Japan set up a government in Manchuria.
…moving southward until it occupied most of the
country.
XIS
A
American Neutrality
Most Americans wanted to avoid involvement.
Congress passed a series of Neutrality Acts
between 1935 and 1937 (banned sale of
weapons to nations at war, allowed trade only
with nations that could pay cash and ship their
own goods.)
Germany Expands
Hitler dreamed of avenging Germany’s defeat in WWI.
1936 – Ordered troops into Rhineland
Turned to Sudetenland (area of
Czechoslovakia where many Germanspeaking people lived)- Czechs prepared
to fight
Czechs turned to
allies-Britain and
France- met in
Munich, Germany
(1938) to seek a
peaceful solutionavoid war.
France and Britain’s
leaders tried to avoid war
by accepting Germany’s
demands- (policy later
called appeasement)
Turn Sudetenland over to
Germany: Hitler promised not to
expand Germany’s territory.
Hitler and Stalin signed the treaty called the Soviet-German Non-Aggression Pact
(August 1939)- Hitler could use force against Poland without fear of Soviet
intervention.
September 1, 1939Hitler sent his armies to
Poland. (WWII Begins)
“blitzkrieg” “lightning war”attack was swift and fierce
Great Britain and France
(Allied Powers) declared
war on Germany.
Soviet troops moved into
eastern Poland (acting on Soviet
agreement with Germany to divide
Poland.)
Stalin forced Baltic republics of
Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia
to accept Soviet military bases.
Tried to do the same with
Finland…they fought back, but
eventually surrendered. (1940)
Poland was split in half
by Hitler and Stalin.
The War Expands
Hitler Moves West
Spring 1940- Hitler
attacked Denmark and
Norway (North)
Netherlands and
Belgium asked help
from the Allies – Great
Britain and France
Hitler attacked
Netherlands,
Luxembourg and
Belgium (west)
With the collapse of Belgium
allied troops retreated to the
port of Dunkirk (NW corner of
France) on the English
Channel.
Trapped between Germans
and French coast.
June 22, 1940 France surrenders to Germany, but
French resistance continues
The Battle of Britain
Domination of
The only thing
standing between
Hitler and
domination of
Western Europe
was. . .
Western Europe
Great Britain
Hitler had to come up
with a plan to invade
Britain.
Get
them
while
they’re
down!
1st- Break British morale
Then, invade Britain.
July 1940-the Luftwaffe, or German air force,
attacked British planes and airfields.
August-the Luftwaffe began bombing British cities(Destroyed
entire neighborhoods …killed many civilians).
British Royal Air Forcedestroyed some 2,300
Luftwaffe aircraft using
new radar technology
Hitler cancelled
invasion
Axis
Powers
V.
?
Allies
America and the War
Roosevelt:
OPPOSED HITLER’S ACTIONS
VOWED TO STAY NEUTRAL
PREPARED FOR WAR
Strengthened the Navy; signed the Selective Training and Service Act
(1st peacetime draft in U.S. history- applied to men between ages 21-35.)
The 1940 election
With world in crisis, Roosevelt decided to run for a 3rd term …breaking
the tradition that had been set since George Washington.
“Your boys are
not going to be
sent into any
foreign wars.”
-Franklin Roosevelt
Roosevelt won an easy victory.
Ran against Democrat
candidate- business leader
Wendell L. Wilkie of Indiana.
Helping the Allies
Roosevelt started supporting the Allies
openly.
1941, Congress approved:
Lend-Lease Act
Allowed America to sell, lend, or
lease arms or other war supplies to
any country who was considered
“vital to the defense of the United
States.” (Cash & Carry)
Britain was the 1st to use it; Isolationist
argued it would increase U.S. involvement in
the war. Sent Supplies to Britain, China, and
other Allied countries
Sent supplies to Soviet Union-until Hitler
invaded in June 1941
German submarines had been sinking British ships in the Atlantic- including those
carrying supplies from the U.S. American ships started escorting British merchant
ships. Germans began firing on the ships. Roosevelt issued a “shoot-on-sight”
order to American naval vessels that saw German and Italian ships in certain areas.
Pearl Harbor
The Japanese Threat
While Hitler and Mussolini were doing damage in Europe…the
Japanese were making their conquests in the Far East.
Seized much of China
in 1930s.
Seized French colony
of Indochina in 1940
(in Southeast Asia.)
Planned to take Dutch East
Indies, British Malaya, and
Philippines (American territory.)
The United States Responds
U.S. supplied economic pressurefreezing all Japanese assets in
American banks; stopped the sale of
oil, gasoline and other natural
resources Japan needed.
Japanese
were
outraged!
1941: Japanese prime minister, Fumimaro Konoye,
resigned. (He had been willing to negotiate with U.S.
because he felt Japan could not defeat U.S. at war.)
New prime minister, General Hideki Tojo, did not agree.
November 20, 1941, negotiations were
open between the U.S. and Japan in
Washington.
At the same time, the Tojo
government began to plan an
attack on the U.S.
Hideki Tojo
The Attack on Pearl Harbor
7:55 Sunday morning, December 7,
1941, Japanese warplanes attacked the
military base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.
Ships were anchored in neat rows, airplanes
grouped together on the airfield.
Sank or damaged all of the US
battleships anchored at Pearl Harbor
More than 2,400 Americans killed
Almost 200 airplanes desytroyed
Pearl Harbor was the worst defeat in United States military history. . . yet it united
Americans. President Roosevelt asked Congress for a declaration of war.
December 8, 1941-US declared war on Japan
December 11, 1941:
Germany and ItalyJapan’s allies
declared war on the
U.S.
Congress declared
war on them as
well. The U.S. was
now part of the
Allies—Great
Britain, France,
China and the
Soviet Union.
Axis
Powers
Allies
V.
Pearl Harbor Video
Section 2
In a speech delivered by
President Franklin Roosevelt,
he expressed the feelings
many Americans had toward
the growing “epidemic of world
lawlessness.” (1937) TAJ
War
Begins
“We are determined to
keep out of war, yet we
cannot insure ourselves
against disastrous effects
of war and the dangers of
involvement.”
Germans crossed the Somme
River and continued into
France.
Italy joined the war on
Germany’s side and attacked
France from the southeast.
AXIS Powers:
Bad
Germany, Italy- and later Japanformed the AXIS POWERS.
June 14, 1940, German troops
marched into Paris…Stunned
by the blitzkrieg, the French
surrendered.
G. I. Joe
Hitler called for Great Britain to
surrender.
British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, gave this
response:
“We shall defend our island, whatever
the cost may be. We shall fight on the
beaches, we shall fight on the landing
grounds, we shall fight in the fields and
in the streets, we shall fight in the hills;
we shall never surrender.”
The Battle of Britain continued on from August
until October, 1940- but the Germans never
gained control over the skies. The heroics of
the British Royal Air Force (RAF) caused
Hitler to end the air attacks.
Germany Turns East
Frustrated over his
failure in Britain, Hitler
decided to turn East to
fulfill his dream . . .
Of taking over the
Soviet Union.
He attacked the
Soviet Union in June
1941- ignoring the
pact he’d made with
Stalin.
Germans moved into
Soviet territory.
The Soviet Union joined the Allies in
their fight against the Axis Powers.
The Atlantic
Charter
Roosevelt and
Churchill drew up the
Atlantic Charter
(1941.)
Planned for a world after the
“destruction of the Nazi tyranny.” -TAJ
Pledged the people that all
every nation would be free to
choose their own form of
government and live free of
“fear and want.”
-Urged disarmament- giving
up military weapons- and the
creation of a “permanent
system of general security.”
Propaganda
Posters
Section 3
On the
Home
Front
On the Home Front
America Prepares
Attack on Pearl Harbor united Americans.
Started preparing for war!
U.S. had already begun raising an army under the Selective
Service Acts of 1940 & 1941. More than 15 million
Americans joined the armed forces during the war (both as
draftees and volunteers.)
For the 1st time, large numbers of women served in the
military. ABOUT 250,000
WACs (Women’s Army
Corps) and WAVES (women
Appointed for Volunteer
Emergency Services in the
Navy), women’s units in
marines, Coast Guard and
army air corps.
To speed up mobilizationmilitary and civilian
preparations for war- the
government created some
new agencies.
War
Production
Board
Supervised industries
as they converted
their efforts to war
production
The Office of Price
Administration
National War
Set limits on consumer
prices and rents- prevent
Labor
Board
inflation
Tried to resolve labor
disputes that could slow
down war production
Financing the War
Revenue Act of 1942
Sold War
Bonds
TAXES: Raised taxes on corporations; required all
Americans to pay an income tax- Congress approved of a
system that withheld taxes from worker’s paychecks
Wartime America
Separation from loved ones
(fearing a telegram that he/she had been killed)
Making Sacrifices
Shortages of consumer goods
(with industries focus on war production)
Rationing of resources and goods
(consumers could only buy a limited number of some things)
Helping the War Effort
Victory Gardens
Children collected scrap metal.
Civil Defense
Office of War Information
War had reduced supply of vegetable fats from the Far East. Substitutes were needed., Fat makes
glycerine and glycerine makes explosives. Millions of pounds of glycerine was needed. Government
appealed to housewives to provide it.
“Don’t throw away a single drop
of used cooking fat, bacon fat,
meat drippings, fry fats- every
kind you use. After you’ve got
all the cooking good from
them, pour them through a
kitchen strainer into a clean,
wide-mouthed can. Keep it in
a cool dark place . . . . Take
them to your meat dealer when
you’ve saved a pound or more.
He is cooperating patriotically.
. .”
U.S. government bulletin posted in meat markets.
Women and Minorities
With millions of men joining the armed
forces, there were more women than
ever before in the labor force. (doing
jobs usually done by men- welders,
riveters, etc.)—Rosie the Riveter
Women earned less than men
When war ended and troops came home,
many lost their jobs.
It did change opinion about women’s
right to work.
African Americans During the War
About one million African- American men and
women in armed forces
At first, given low-level assignments; segregated units.
Tuskegee Airmen- 332nd Fighter Group – shot
down 200 enemy planes.
Benjamin Davis, Jr. 1st African American general in U.S. Air Force
A. Philip Randolph (1941) Demanded the government band
discrimination against African Americans in defense industries
“ . . . There shall be no discrimination in the employment of
workers in defense industries or government because of race,
creed, color, or national origin.”
President Franklin Roosevelt
“Yet you say we’re
fighting for
democracy. Then
why don’t
democracy include
me?”
-Langston Hughes
Native Americans
Thousands of Native Americans served
in the armed forces.
Special group of Navajo formed the “code
talkers” – using their language in radio
communication regarding military strategies
Ira Hayes- Native American hero in battle for
Iwo Jima
Hispanic Americans
More than 250,000 served in armed forces.
Mercedes Cubria- 1st Hispanic women
officer in Women’s Army corps
Bracero program- recruited farm and
railroad workers from Mexico during the
war
Japanese Americans
Feared and hated by many other
Americans even though most were
Nisei (born in U.S)
Leaders worried about their loyalty if
Japanese forces invaded U.S.
President ordered army to relocate
more than 100,000 West Coast
Japanese Americans to detention
centers or internment camps
Internment camps were crowded and
uncomfortable. They had only days to
get ready to move. They left many
things behind; abandoned homes and
businesses (or sold at a loss)
Many stayed at the camps for 3 years.
“After all those years, having worked his
whole life to build a dream – having it all
taken away . . . . He died a broken man.”
-Japanese American Peter Ota (whose family were sent
to an internment camp in Colorado) recalled how his father
suffered.
1944- In Korematsu v. United States,
Supreme Court upheld the order for
relocation of Japanese Americans.
1988- Americans acknowledged the
injustice. Congress issued a formal
apology and gave each survivor $20,000
( token of the nation’s regret).
Section 4
War in
Europe
and
Africa
North African Campaign
“On January 1, 1942 – three weeks after Pearl Harbor- the United States joined
Britain, the Soviet Union, and 23 other Allied nations in vowing to defeat the Axis
Powers.” -TAJ
Stalin and many American Military leaders wanted to launch an attack on
continental Europe- forcing Germans to defend their own empire.
Churchill argued that it would be too difficult. Roosevelt agreed.
Allies planned to attack North Africa.
Erwin Rommel- “Desert fox”
German general in command of
Axis forces.
November 1942- British turned
Rommel back at El Alameinpreventing Germans from
capturing Suez Canal
American, British and Canadian
troops, led by American general
Dwight D. Eisenhower. Landed
in Algeria and Morocco (Nov. 8,
1942. The inexperienced troops
met defeat in Tunisia.
May 1943: Backed by the British air and
naval power, American general George
Patton, closed in on Rommel and drove
the Germans out of North Africa.
The Invasion of Italy
Using bases in North Africa, Allies launched an
invasion of southern Europe.
Took island of Sicily (Summer 1943):
Landed on Italian mainland in September.
Italians overthrew dictator, Benito Mussolini, and surrendered to the
Allies. German forces in Italy continued to fight.
Although Allies met fierce resistance in town of Monte Cassino and were
pinned down on the beaches of Anzio by German forces for 4 months, they
finally broke through German lines and advanced toward Rome. They
liberated Rome in June 1944.
Air War Over Germany
Fighting rages in North Africa and Italy.
Allies launch an air war against Germany.
Summer of 1942: British and American Air
Forces launch a massive bombing
campaign against Germany.
Hundreds of American bombers
pound German factories and cities
by day.
British bombers pound them by
night.
Massive destruction- deaths of thousands of German civilians.
Raids on port of Hamburg created a tower of fire that engulfed the city- More
than 30,000 people died in the raids. Germany still was determined to win the
war.
The Tide Turns in Europe
Soviets and Germans locked in ferocious combat. Soviet Union taking main force
of Germany’s European war effort for months.
The Eastern Front
September 1941- Germans surrounded Leningrad- Began a siege
(military blockade) that lasted nearly 900 days.
After Germans won Stalingrad
(spring 1942), Soviet forces
surrounded the city, cutting off
German supply lines.
Cold and starving, the troops
fought until February 1943, and
the army finally surrendered.
The Invasion of
France
While the Soviets pushed toward
Germany from the east, the Allies
planned a massive invasion from the
west- into France.
Operation Overload- Commander of Allied forces- General Dwight D.
Eisenhower
“All southern
England was
one vast military
Planned to land troops on the French
camp, crowded
coast of Normandy on June 5. (rough
seas forced a delay)
with soldiers
awaiting final
June 6, 1944 – D-Day – Allied ships landed on coast of Normandy.
word to go.”
Within a few weeks, Allies had landed a million troops in France. They
-Eisenhower
pushed across France. On August 25, French and American soldiers
marched through joyful crowds and liberated Paris.
Victory in Europe
Germany
Germany fought for survival on two fronts.
December 16, 1944- Germans mounted a last, desperate offensive- a surprise
attack along the 50 mile front in Belgium.
Battle of the Bulge- Germans drove troops and artillery deep into a
bulge in the Allied lines; Allies pushed Germans back.
This battle resulted in more than 100,000 casualties.
Marked the end of serious German resistance.
By mid-April 1945- soviets surrounded Berlin
(German capital.)
May 7, 1945- Germany
signed an unconditional
surrender- ending war in
Europe.
May 8- “V-E” Day- Victory in
Europe.
Hitler (who had spent the final months of the war in an underground
bunker) realized the situation was hopeless and committed suicide.
Death of a President
February 1945- president Franklin Roosevelt had traveled to
Yalta in the Soviet Union to meet with Churchill and Stalin.
He died suddenly after returning home- April 12, 1945
When Vice President Harry
S. Truman asked Eleanor
Roosevelt if there was
anything he could do for her,
she said:
“Is there anything we can do
for you? You are the one in
trouble now.”
The Holocaust
Concentration camps –
prison camps for civilians
As the Allies liberated areas that had been
under German control, they found evidence
of Nazi brutality.
“I watched a family of about eight persons .
. . [A soldier] instructed them to go behind
the earth mound. . .They went down into
the pit, lined themselves up against the
previous victims and were shot.”
In the largest camp, Auschwitz
(Poland) Nazis killed between 1 and
2 million people; As many as 6
million Jews died in the Holocaust.
(Others included Soviet prisoners of
war, Poles, Gypsies, and people
with handicaps.
-Witness of massacre of Russian Jews
“Across the sandy clearing is the
incinerator, but it ran out of fuel. A rough
record by the chief burner of bodies
records 17,000 burned last month. They
say each body was roughly clubbed as it
went in.”
-British Reporter, R.W. Thompson
In Remembrance
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, DC;
National WWII Memorial- dedicated to all who served during the war.
Section 5
War in
the
Pacific
Pacific Front
On December 7,, 1941- The same day the Japanese attacked Pearl
Harbor- Japanese bombers struck American airfields in the Philippines, and
on islands of Wake and Guam- key bases in the Pacific.
Then, they invaded Thailand and Malaya and captured Guam, Wake Island and
British colony of Hong Kong.
Japanese troops had landed in Philippines and taken the capital of Manila.
Filipino and American troops- commanded by American general
Douglas MacArthur- had to retreat to the Bataan Peninsula west
of Manila and an island called Corregidor.
Philippines Fall
After months of fighting, Allied troops in Bataan surrendered.
Allies on Corregidor held out for another month.
Japanese forced their Bataan prisoners to march to a prison
camp more than 60 miles away.
Bataan Death March
About 76,000 prisoners started out, only
54,000 reached the camp.
“Anybody that could walk, they forced ‘em
into line . . . If you fell out to the side, you
were either shot by the guards or you were
bayoneted [stabbed] and left there.”
-Survivor of the Bataan Death March
“Two months before the surrender, General
MacArthur had left for Australia to take
command of the Allied forces in the Pacific.
MacArthur promised the Filipinos, ‘I shall
return.’ ”
-TAJ
Because of the many victories of the Japanese, American morale was low.
Island Hopping
Attacking and
capturing certain key
islands. Then, the U.S.
could use these islands
to “leapfrog: to othersmoving closer to the
Philippines and to
Japan.
The U.S. was ready to go on the offensive against
Japan.
Commanders General MacArthur and Admiral Nimitzadopted a strategy known as island hopping.
Between August 1942 and February 1943, Americans engaged in one of the most
vicious campaigns of the war- to take control of Guadalcanal- June 1944,
Americans captured Guam and other nearby islands. Guam provided a base for
launching bombing strikes on Japan. In Battle of Leyte Gulf (Biggest naval battle in
history) in the Philippines- Americans destroyed most of the Japanese Fleet.
The Advance on Japan
American forces seized island of Iwo Jima and Okinawa. American bombers
pounded Tokyo and other Japanese cities. Japanese sent out kamikazes – suicide
pilots- that crashed planes loaded with explosives into American ships.
Japanese refused to surrender. Their refusal led the U.S. to use a powerful
new weapon.
After German-born physicist, Albert Einstein
warned President Roosevelt that the Nazis might
use the energy of an atom to build an “extremely
powerful bomb”, Roosevelt had created the
Manhattan Project- to build such a bomb.
Allies issued the Potsdam
Declaration- warned the
Japanese that if they did
not surrender, they would
face “prompt and utter
destruction.”
The Atomic bomb
They did not surrender, so
Truman ordered the use of the
bomb.
August 6, 1945, an American bomberthe Enola Gay- dropped an atomic
bomb on the Japanese city of
Hiroshima.
Three days later, a second bomb was dropped on the city of Nagasaki.
The destruction was so
overwhelming that Japan
surrendered.
Enola Gay and the Atom Bomb
More
Destruction
Effects
.
The War Ends
Japanese agreed to surrender: August 15, 1945.
V-J Day- “Victory over Japan”
Japan signed the formal surrender on
September 2 aboard the battle ship the
U.S.S. Missouri.
World War II had finally ended.
In years after the war, Allies put Nazi and Japanese leaders on trial in
Nuremberg, Germany and Tokyo. (Nuremberg Trials)
The Cost of the War
The most destructive conflict in history.
More than 40 million died- more than half were civilians killed by bombing,
starvation, disease, torture and murder.
American casualties- about 322,000 dead- 800,000 injured; soviet
Union suffered more than 20 million deaths.