Transcript World War Two

World War Two
The Start of the Cold War
Aggression, Appeasement, War
*During the 1930's Dictators took aggressive acts
and got verbal protests
• Japan wanted a big empire
– Invaded Manchuria in 1931
• League of Nations condemned
• By 1937 overran most of Eastern China
• Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1936
–League of Nations condemned and
voted sanctions
• Germany
–Hitler violated the Versailles treaty
•Built up army
•Sent troops into the Rhineland
–Increased his popularity at home
Policy of Appeasement
• *Why did western government give in to
aggressors in order to maintain the peace
– Saw Hitler as a buffer against Soviet Communism
– Great Depression sapped their strengths
– Pacifism...abhor war and sought peace at any price
• *U. S. Neutrality Acts were designed to avoid
involvement
– No arms sales
– No loans
– No travel on warring ships
*Rome Berlin Tokyo Axis
• September 27,
1940
• Joined to fight
communism
• Would not
interfere with
each other
Imperialism
Axis Powers Rise
Spanish Civil War
a dress rehearsal
• Nationalists (republic) versus
Loyalists (leftists)
• Germany supported the
republic against the
communists
• Soviets supported the leftists
• Killed over one million
• *Germany perfected it’s air
power
The famous Picasso painting of
the German bombing of
Spanish civilians at Guernica
would foreshadow the horrors
awaiting a Europe that had
turned it's back on Spain.
German aggression continues
• Austria annexed 1938
• Sudetenland annexed 1938
• *Munich Conference
– Hitler agreed to no more
expansion
– Neville Chamberlain “Peace for
our time”
– Churchill, “They had to choose
between war and dishonor. They
chose dishonor: they will have
war.”
“They will have war”
• March 1939, Hitler takes
the rest of Czechoslovakia
• *Nazi-Soviet Pact... Aug
1939... they agreed
– Not to fight if the other
went to war
– To divide up Poland and
other parts of Europe
Soviet Foreign Minister Molotov signs the NaziSoviet Non-aggression Pact while German
Foreign Minister Von Ribbentrop and Soviet
leader Stalin look on under a portrait of Lenin
*Why did war
come?
• Versailles Treaty
• Depression distracted
westerners
• Misread Hitler’s
intentions
• Aware of the destructive
power of modern
warfare
Germany’s and the United States’
industrial output fell by about 50 per
cent, and between 25 and 33 per cent
of the industrial labour force was
unemployed.
When the American economy fell
into depression, US banks recalled
their loans, causing the German
banking system to collapse.
• Sept. 1939 Hitler
unleashed the
*Blitzkrieg( lightning
war) on western
Poland
– Planes bombed
airfields, factories,
towns, and cities.
– The fast moving armor
supported troops.
• Stalin invaded the
eastern side
• April 1940...Hitler
attacked Norway,
Denmark, Netherlands,
and Belgium
The First
Onslaught
•
•
•
May 29-31, 1940
Destroyers, Cargo
Boats, Fishing Boats,
Cross Channel
Ferries, Yachts,
Motor Boats, Fire
Floats, Tugs, Tugs
towing boats,
Lifeboats, Pleasure
Steamers and
Holiday Boats
212,000 British
113,000 allied troops
13,000 wounded.
The Miracle of
Dunkirk
Churchill’s Response
"We shall fight in France,
we shall fight on the seas
and oceans, we shall fight
them in the air, we shall
fight them on the beaches,
we shall fight them on the
landing grounds, we shall
fight in the fields and
streets, we shall fight them
in the hills. we will never
surrender"
France surrendered to
Germany on June 22,
1940
• Hitler forced signing in the same
railroad car used for WWI
armistice
• Hitler occupied the northern part
• *Set up puppet government
(Vichy) in the south
• Charles de Gaulle, set up a
government in exile in England
– Resistance fighters harassed
Germans
*Battle of Britain
Operation Sea Lion
• Aug. 12, 1940 Nazi
bombing of military targets
begins
• Sept. 7th bombing of
London and other cities
begins
Spitfire
– 57 days of bombing
destroyed most of London
– 15,000 mostly civilians killed
• June 1941, Hitler canceled
Sea Lion and turned to
Russia
Messerschmitt 109
War in Great Britain
*Operation Barbarossa “The
Conquest of Russia” June 1941
Why?
• Wanted living space
• Wanted control of the
natural resources
• Wanted to crush
Communism
• Sent a 3 million man
Blitzkrieg into Russia
• Stalin unprepared
– Purges lost many top
officers
– Lost 2.5 million troops
– Destroyed factories,
equipment and crops
(scorched earth)
Moscow and Leningrad
• Moscow
– Winter stalled the
Germans (-20 degrees)
• *Leningrad
– 2 ½ year siege began
– Over one million died
in the city
– Ate wallpaper paste
and boiled leather
American Involvement
• Through Nov. 1941 America still
declared a neutral
• FDR found ways around the
Neutrality Laws
• *Lend Lease Act early 1941
– Sell or lend war materials to “any
country who’s defense the President
deems vital to the defense of the U.S.”
• *Atlantic Charter Aug. 1941 FDR
and Churchill
– Final destruction the Nazi tyranny
– Support self determination
– Permanent system of general security
U.S Joins War
Japan Attacks Dec. 7, 1941
*Why?
• U.S. banned selling war
materials ... iron, steel and oil
• U.S. interfering with their
plans
• The attack
–
–
–
–
Damaged or destroyed 19 ships
Smashed most of the airplanes
Killed 2,400 people
“A day that will live in infamy”
Day in Infamy
Axis powers had
reached their high
point by spring 1942
*They had made two
serious mistakes
• Germans had attacked
Russia opening a two
front war
• Japanese had brought
the United States into the
war
Occupied Lands
• *A resource to be
plundered and looted
– Nazis systematically
stripped countries of
art, factories and other
resources
– Treated conquered
people with brutality,
killing and torture
• *Co-Prosperity Sphere
– Japan’s self proclaimed
mission was to help
other Asians escape
western imperialistic
colonial rule
– Treated conquered
people with brutality,
killing and torture
Campaign Against the Jews
• *Nuremberg Laws prohibited
–
–
–
–
–
–
marriage to non Jews
Teaching in German schools
Holding Government jobs
Practicing law or medicine
Publishing books
Were not considered citizens of
the Reich
• Hitler used the Jews as
scapegoats
“*Night of Broken Glass"
In two days, over 1,000
synagogues were burned, 7,000
Jewish businesses were trashed
and looted, dozens of Jewish
people were killed, and Jewish
cemeteries, hospitals, schools,
and homes were looted
*Nazi Genocide
• Hitler’s plan to kill racially
inferior people
– Jews, Gypsies and the mentally ill
• *Death camps
– Upon arrival they were stripped and
separated
– Young, old and sick were marked for
immediate killing
• Taken to the showers and gassed
• The others were worked to death or
used in medical experiments
• Some helped by hiding marked
persons
• Collaborators helped hunt down
marked persons
A glimpse of the horrors of the
The Holocaust was the
*Holocaust
systematic annihilation
of six million Jews by
the Nazi regime during
World War 2. In 1933
approximately nine
million Jews lived in
the 21 countries of
Europe that would be
occupied by Germany
during the war. By
1945 two out of every
three European Jews
had been killed
*Yalta Conference
• Stalin, Roosevelt and
Churchill agreed to finish
the Nazis first then Japan
• Distrusted each other
– Churchill felt Stalin wanted
to dominate Europe
– Roosevelt felt Churchill
wanted to increase British
imperial power
– Stalin felt the others wanted
to destroy Communism
*Total war directed all effort to
winning the war
• Factories turned out airplanes and
tanks
• Rationed consumer goods
• Regulated prices and wages
• Brought the depression to and end
• Limited citizens rights
• Censored the press
• Propaganda to increase public support
• Japanese U.S. citizens lost their civil
rights
*Women in the war
effort
• Built ships and planes,
produced munitions and
staffed offices
• Served in the armed
forces
– driving trucks delivering
airplanes, decoding
messages, worked antiaircraft guns, fought in
the resistance
Invasion of Italy....July 1943
• Took Sicily and
southern Italy in
about a month
• Italians over threw
Mussolini
• Germans come to
save him opening
up a third front
Invasion of France
• Early 1944 bombers
flew constant
missions over
Germany
• *D-Day .... June 6,
1944
– 176,000 troops invade
the beaches of
Normandy
• Aug. 25th Paris
liberated
*Battle of the Bulge Dec. 1944
• All or nothing
German
offensive
• Blitzkrieg
through Belgium
• Allied lines
bulged but did
not break
Germany was being pounded
from the air
• Industrial city of Hamburg erased
• Dresden destroyed in Feb. 1945 killed
135,000
*Victory in Europe
• Allies crossed the Rhine
toward Berlin
• Russians came from the east
• In late April east and west
met at the Elbe River
• Hitler commits suicide
May 7, 1945 VE Day
War in the
Pacific
• *Battles of the Coral
Sea and Midway
May and June 1942
– Severely weakened
the Japanese Navy
– Showed the value of
the carrier
– Put Japan on the
defensive
Where is Coral Sea?
War in the Pacific
• *Island hopping strategy
– Guadalcanal..first step
– Take one then hop over
the next
• By 1944 U.S. bombers
were hitting Mainland
Japan
• Oct. 1944 MacArthur
was retaking the
Philippines
• British were pushing Japs
back in Malaya
Japan Blown Away
• *The Bomb
– Developed in Alamogordo
NM. Using some Nazi
scientists
– July 1945 first test
– Truman issued Japan a
warning to surrender by
the first part of Aug. or
“face utter and complete
destruction.”
*Hiroshima Aug. 6, 1945
• Flattened 4 sq.
miles....killed 70,000 plus
many 1,000's more from
radiation sickness
• Truman warned them
again or expect, “a rain of
ruin from the air the likes
of which has never been
seen before”
• Soviet Union declared war
on Japan Aug. 8th
*Nagasaki
Aug 9, 1945
• *Fatman bomb, dropped by
the U.S. B-29 Bock's Car,
explodes with the force of
22 kilotons of explosive
• Killed 40,000
• Emperor Hirohito
surrendered Aug 10th
Effects of Atomic Bomb
Formal Peace Treaty
Sept. 2, 1945
*Why drop the
Atomic Bomb?
• Japan would not
surrender
• Invasion would
cost enormous
loss of life
• Impress Soviets
of American
power
*The Aftermath of War
• 75,000,000 killed world wide
• The horrors of the Holocaust came to light
• German political and military leaders tried
in the War Crimes Trials
– Proved that leaders could be held accountable
for their actions during a war.
• Germany divided up by the Allies
• Japan occupied by the U.S.
United Nations....April 1945
• 50 nations met in San Francisco to form the
United Nations
• *General Assembly....each member got one vote
• *Security Council...five permanent members plus
two rotating from Gen. Assembly
– United States, Soviet Union, Britain, France and China
– Anyone could veto any council decision
"Nothing is more essential to the future peace of
the world than continued cooperation of the
nations which had to muster the force necessary
to defeat the conspiracy of the Axis powers to
dominate the world.”
*Iron Curtain
• Conflicting Ideologies lead to
mutual distrust among allies
• Stalin occupied countries he
liberated from the Germans
• Installed pro-Soviet governments
in eastern Europe
• Stalin wanted
– To spread Communism
– Create a buffer zone
• Dropped an “Iron Curtain” across
the continent
“From Stettin in the
Baltic to Trieste in
the Adriatic, an iron
curtain has
descended across
the Continent.”
War Ends
*Containment
limit Communism to the areas already under
Soviet control
• *Truman doctrine
– Resist Soviet expansion in
Europe or elsewhere in the
world
• *The Marshall Plan
– Massive aid program to
Europe
• Food and economic
assistance
• Help rebuild Europe
• Resist communist influence
*Berlin Airlift
• June 1948 Stalin closed off
Berlin
• Allies airlifted food and other
necessities for almost a year
Military Alliances
• *North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO)
1949
• *Warsaw Pact..1955
• Arms race...for 40 years
both sides developed
deadly nuclear weapons
and delivery systems