Transcript The Finale of the Grand Review: 1870 to the Present

The Finale of the Grand Review:
1870 to the Present
SECTION I: 1870 – 1918
A. AGE OF OPTIMISM
1. Material Base: great wealth – world domination – reform and
democratic movements – industrial growth –
science and technological superiority
2. Non-material Base: national consciousness – ideals of
democracy – art and literature
B. AGE OF OMENS
1. Alliances: prepared for confrontation – alliances, competition, and
militarism make confrontation inevitable
2. Imperialism: customary use of force – competition – superiority
complex – nationalistic pride
3. Militarism: preparedness for war – arms race – large reservoir of
trained troops – naval competition – new
developments in weaponry
AGE OF OMENS cont…
4. Industrialism:
profit from arms race – competition – fear of being
2nd – need for war to detract from the growth of
socialism – need to insure markets and resources
5. Nationalism: exaggerated love for country – implied hatred of
other nations – competition – desire for national
self-determination especially among the Slavs
C. MAJOR WARS
1. Crimean War
2. Seven Weeks’ War
3. Franco-Prussian War
4. Russo-Turkish War
5. Zulu wars
6. Russo-Japanese War
7. Balkan wars (to name just a few!)
D. CAUSES OF NEW IMPERIALISM
1. Economic: need for new markets – Second Industrial Revolution
2. Political: need for international prestige
3. Social: “White Man’s Burden” – resettle surplus population ie…
Australia
D. CAUSES OF NEW IMPERIALISM cont…
4. Defense: need for strategic naval and coaling stations around the
world
5. Nationalism: prestige – desire to curtail others from taking lands
E. IMPERIALISM AT WORK
1. China: extraterritoriality
2. Africa: outright annexation
3. Latin America: economic control
4. Ottoman Empire: political manipulation
F. TERMS:
1. Revisionist Marxism: adapting Marx’s ideas to existing political
structures – e.g. forming political parties and
shifting from ballots to bullets
2. Social Darwinism: using Darwin’s ideas to justify European
domination
3. Second Industrial Revolution & Corporate growth: consolidation of
companies into corporations – dominance
of finance capitalism – truly urban society.
F. TERMS: cont…
4. Freud: founder of psychoanalysis – emphasized sexual instincts –
attempted to apply scientific basis to the operation of the
human mind – personal guilt was replaced
5. Jung: disciple and co-worker with Freud – believed religious as well
as sexual instincts had a dominating impact on the human
mind
6. Einstein: developed the theory of relativity
G. WORLD WAR I:
1. CAUSES: alliance systems – imperialism – militarism – nationalism –
industrialism – in summer of 1914, unreasonable
militaristic forces outmaneuvered traditional diplomacy
2. CHART ON RESULTS OF WWI:
Political: England’s empire enlarged – France’s empire enlarged –
Germany lost territory as did Russia – U.S.A. returns to
isolationism
Economic: England never recovered – France is driven into
bankruptcy – Germany into economic chaos and
saddled with huge war debt (reparations) – Russia
becomes a Communist society – U.S.A. creditor and
money center of the world
CHART ON RESULTS OF WWI: cont…
Social: England, tremendous class tension – France, a republic finally
gained acceptance – Germany, end of monarchy & the Weimar
Republic discredited from the beginning for signing the
Versailles Treaty – Russia, end of monarchy, attempt to solve
multi-nationality problem with the creation of the Soviet Union
– U.S.A. disillusioned with war and rejection of the League of
Nations
SECTION II: 1918 – 1945
A. Russian Revolution:
1. Nature of Tsarist regime: harsh – incompetent – preposterous –
out of touch with their people and the times
2. Revolution of 1905: popular uprising against government – Bloody
Sunday revealed the true nature of the Tsar’s
regime – did not succeed because army
remained loyal to tsar and tsar promised
constitutional reforms
3. Stolypin reforms: attempt to place private property in peasants’
hands – liberal attempt to bolster tsarist regime
A. Russian Revolution: cont…
4. February/March Revolution, 1917: chaos in the capital (Moscow) –
collapse of Romanov rule
5. Establishment of Bolshevik power: Lenin’s return to Russia –
Kornolov affair – October/November Revolution –
Cheka – Red Army success in civil war over White
Army – NEP New Economic Policy – attack on the
Church
B. Early Soviet Union:
1. New Economic Policy: failure of war, Communism led to
accommodation with capitalism – economy
revives to prewar level by 1926
2. Soviet attitude toward Church: confrontation between traditional
Christianity and atheism – Marxists thesis that
religion was the “opiate of the masses” –
traditional alliance between Church and Romanov
autocracy
3. Stalin and Totalitarianism: elimination of Trotsky – Five-Year Plans –
collectivization of agriculture – purge
trials
B. Early Soviet Union: cont…
4. Lenin’s alteration of Marxism: need for elite party to effect
Communist revolution
5. Stalin’s alteration of Leninism: exclusive control by an individual
over the party – cult of personality
C. Totalitarianism:
1. Definition: complete domination of all aspects of human life by the
state – not merely the political – meant to be a permanent
societal phenomenon rather than an emergency measure
2. Totalitarianism of the Right: Hitler’s Germany stressing a vertical
nationalistic society
3. Totalitarianism of the Left: Stalin’s Soviet Union stressing a
worldwide classless society
Results were the same!!
D. Collapse of Democracies, 1919 – 1939:
Some collapsed from lack of tradition, i.e.. Eastern Europe, others
collapsed because of economic strains from WWI and the Great
Depression
E. Collapse of German democracy and rise of Nazism:
No tradition of democracy – war guilt clause – war reparations –
inflation – ineffectiveness of Weimar Republic – economic crash of
1929 – intense revival of nationalism – need for protection from outside
F. Vienna – Versailles – Yalta (A Comparison):
Vienna was a negotiated peace treaty whereas Versailles and Yalta
agreements were dictated terms of peace – according to Versailles and
Yalta, losers were criminals whereas Vienna saw the vanquished as
part of the traditional fabric of European society.
G. TERMS:
1. League of Nations: collective security plan for resolving
international problems
2. Rapallo: nations gathered to discuss armaments and their
distribution and made agreements on Italian-Yugoslav
border.
3. Locarno: agreements on reduction weapons and recognition of
borders by Germany, France, Belgium, and Luxembourg
4. Dawes Plan: U.S. proposal for economic restructuring of Germany
5. Kellogg-Briand Pact: international agreement to outlaw war
G. TERMS: cont…
6. Popular Fronts: coalitions of Left and Center against Right,
especially in France and to a lesser degree in Spain.
7. Third Reich: Hitler’s Germany, 1933 – 1945
8. Francisco Franco: Right-wing victor of Spanish Civil War –
established a fascist regime
9. Anschluss: unification of Germany and Austria
10. Munich Conference: last Allied effort to appease Hitler
11. Anti-Comintern Pact: German-Italian-Japanese alliance
– (anti-Communist pact)
12. Nazi-Soviet Pact: ten-year nonaggression pact between the Soviet
Union and Germany
13. Atlantic Charter: basis for postwar world order based to some
extent of Wilson’s Fourteen Points
14. Pearl Harbor: aggressive Japanese surprise attack that facilitated
U.S. entry into World War II – most experts agree that
the attack was facilitated by the U.S. decision to deny
Japan oil exports
15. Stalingrad: Soviet victory over Nazis that led to myth of Soviet
invincibility – turned war in favor of allies
G. TERMS: cont…
16. D-Day: allies penetrated Fortress Europe – allied invasion force into
German held territory in France
17. Yalta: design for conclusion of war – plan for Soviet entry into war
in Far East after conclusion of the European phase of the
WWII – proposals for postwar political adjustments
18. San Francisco Conference: formation of United Nations – another
effort in the same mold as the League
of Nations
19. Potsdam: final solution of the European borders and promises of
postwar elections
20. Nuremberg Trials: trial of German political, civil, and military
leaders for war crimes
SECTION III: 1945 – PRESENT:
A. POST WWII IN EUROPE:
1. COLD WAR: Allied powers made up of Left and Center had
succeeded in eliminating the Right (Nazi Germany and
Japan) but now came apart – will be basically the Soviet
Bloc versus the U.S. & allies
2. TRUMAN DOCTRINE: U.S. military aid to oppose the spread of
Communism in Greece and Turkey – ends U.S.
peacetime isolation
3. MARSHALL PLAN: U.S. economic aid to combat spread of
Communism in Western Europe
4. COMMINFORM: Soviet Union’s active promotion of Communist
regimes around the world
5. N.A.T.O.: U.S. & allies military response to aggressive Soviet moves
6. WARSAW PACT: military alliance of Soviet Union and Eastern
European states to offset the influence of NATO
7. Problem of Divided Germany: isolation of West Berlin with no land
communication with the rest of
Germany
B. POST WWII THE NON-WESTERN WORLD:
1. CHINA: Communist takeover in 1949
2. KOREA: Communist North Korean invasion of the South in 1950 –
led to first sizable military action between the Left and
Center
3. JAPAN: enforced Western style democracy prevented Russian
participation and influence
4. INDIA: partition of India and Pakistan – growth of socialism and
military dictatorships – achieved self-determination from
British Empire
5. MIDDLE EAST: endless Arab-Israeli tension – establishment of Israel
rejected by the Islamic world
6. VIET NAM: end of French colonialism – Communist involvement
draws the U.S. into Viet Nam to intervene
7. AFRICA: decolonization – continued great problems
C. TERMS:
1. Holocaust: German annihilation of European Jews
2. European Common Market: creation of European economic utility
3. Vatican Council II: Roman Catholic dialogue with world – reforms
end
C. TERMS:
4. Pope John XXIII: proposed spirit of openness and accommodation
while urging peace on earth
5. Existentialism: philosophy that holds that human experience is the
only reality
6. SALT Treaties: attempts made by the U.S. and U.S.S.R. (Soviet
Union) to limit strategic arms (nuclear weapons)
7. Détente: gradual relaxation of Cold War
8. Glasnost: new openness in Soviet Union under Gorbachev
9. Perestroika: Gorbachev’s attempt at restructuring Soviet
Communism
10. Communist world, 1989: Gorbachev’s ideas spread, and
Communist regimes were challenged – and
then began to crumble – culminates with
the symbolic tearing down of the Berlin
Wall