Transcript 01ArtificialIntelligenceintroduction

Course Instructor:
Kashif Ihsan
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Chapter # 1
Kashif Ihsan, Lecturer CS, MIHE
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Computer vs Human Brain
 The human brain possesses an interesting
property. For tasks such as vision, language
and motor control, a brain is more powerful
than 1000 supercomputers. And yet, for
simple tasks such as multiplication it is less
powerful than a 4 bit microprocessor.
Kashif Ihsan, Lecturer CS, MIHE
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Communication with Computer
 INFANCY:
Learn language of computer.
 YOUTH:
Both communicate in a third language.
 MATURITY:
Make it capable to understand your language.
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Sophistication of Computer
 The main objective is to make computers
more and more user-friendly.
 It is assumed that “the more user friendly
will be the computer, the more will be
the number of its users”.
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Intelligence
 The ability to grasp the essentials in any situation
and to respond appropriately to those essentials.
 It is the ability to reason.
 It is the ability to acquire and apply knowledge.
 It is the ability to manipulate and communicate
ideas.
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Artificial Intelligence
 Artificial Intelligence (A.I) is the study of how to
make computers do things at which, at the
moment, people are better. (RICH, 1983).
 It is the study of ideas that enables computers to
be intelligent. (WINSTON, 1984).
 It is simply a way of making a computer think
intelligently. (LEVINE etal, 1986).
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Artificial Intelligence
 The
modern definition of artificial
intelligence (or A.I) is "the study and
design of intelligent agent " where an
intelligent agent is a system that perceives
its environment and takes actions which
maximizes its chances of success.
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History of Artificial Intelligence
 The field of A.I was born at a conference on the campus of
Dartmouth College USA in the summer of 1956 & the
Leaders of A.I are John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, Allen
Nawell and Herbert Simon.
 “Machines will be capable, within twenty years, of doing
any work a man can do.” H.A Simon (1965)
 “Within a generation, the problem of creating 'artificial
intelligence' will substantially be solved.” Marvin Minsky
(1967).
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History of Artificial Intelligence
These predictions failed because of :
 The lack of computer power.
 Failing of logic.
 The difficulty of representing commonsense
knowledge.
 In 1974, the work on A.I stopped because of
high criticism.
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History of Artificial Intelligence
 In the early 80s, the field was revived by the
commercial success of expert system and
by 1985 the market for AI had reached more
than a billion dollars.
 In the 90s, AI achieved its greatest successes
because of the incredible power of
computers and a greater emphasis on
solving specific problems.
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Branches of Artificial Intelligence
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Natural Language Processing
Robotics
Computer Vision
Speech Recognition
Machine Translation
Pattern Recognition
Expert Systems
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Natural Language Processing
 Getting computers to understand and communicate in
everyday language, is known as natural language
processing (NLP).
 Questioning-Answering
Dealing queries from the user and the answers from a
computer.
 Machine Translation
The translation of one natural language into another by
a computer.
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Robotics
 It is the branch of artificial intelligence that deals
with the design, construction, operation and
application of robots and computer systems for
their control, sensory feedback, and information
processing.
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Computer Vision
 Computer vision is a field that includes methods
for acquiring, processing, analyzing and
understanding images and in general, highdimensional data from the real world in order to
produce numerical or symbolic information.
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Speech Recognition
 Speech recognition is the translation of spoken
words into text. It is also known as "automatic speech
recognition", "ASR", "computer speech recognition",
etc.
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Machine Translation
 Machine translation (MT) is the application of
computers to the task of translating texts from one
natural language to another.
 The human translation process may be described as:
 Decoding the meaning of the source text; and
 Re-encoding this meaning in the target language.
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Pattern Recognition
 It is the branch of artificial intelligence concerned with
the classification or description of observations.
 Pattern recognition aims to classify data (patterns)
based on either a priori knowledge or on statistical
information extracted from the patterns. The patterns
to be classified are usually groups of measurements or
observations.”
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Expert System
 An expert system is a computer system that
emulates(imitates) the decision-making ability of a
human expert.
 Expert system solve complex problems by logical
reasoning (just like a human expert) and not by
following the conventional procedure as in case of
conventional programming.
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The End..
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