Transcript Chapter Slides

Lecture
4
Organisational Information
Systems
(Unit 2)
Transaction processing systems
(TPS)
Sandeep and Ashwini
• Good introduction
• Benefits to organisations
• Drawbacks
Starts with an example which demonstrates
what transaction processing is
Decision Support Systems
Eric, Sravanthi, Phalgun, Pratik
Starts with the history, different types,
benefits, gives a snap shopt of an
interface toa DSS.
Decision Support Systems
Kolitha, Caroline, and Thet
A very good definiton, some of the
components, different problem types,
different types, analytical capabilities
Something missing in both are examples.
DSS support management decision
making by integrating:
• Company performance data
• Business rules based on decision tables
• Analytical tools and models for forecasting
and planning
Decision Models
Summary statistics,
trend projections,
hypothesis testing, etc.
• Statistical Models
• Financial and Accounting
Cash flow,
Models
internal rate of return,
other investment analysis
• Production Models
• Marketing Models
• Human Resource Models
Updated
Examples of Model driven DSS
• Voyage estimating system,
Chapter 2, pages 46
• DaimlerChrysler’s transportation efficiency
support system, Chapter 13, pp 457-8
Data driven DSS
• Make use of OLAP and data mining to
extract useful information.
• With OLAP uses need to have a good idea
of what information they are looking for.
• OLAP allows data to be viewed from
different perspectives, i.e. the same data is
viewed in different ways using multiple
dimensions.
Data driven DSS
• Data mining is more discovery driven.
• Finds hidden patterns and relationships.
• Data mining can yield associations,
sequences, classifications, clusters, and
forecasts.
The DSS used in Harrah’s hotel, page 466 of
Laudon and Laudon.
A number of examples are given
in Laudon and Laudon,
pp 471-474
Group Decision Support
Systems (GDSS)
• Computer-based systems that
enhance group decision making and
improve the flow of information
among group members.
Some of the common additional
features:
•
•
•
•
Electronic questionnaires
Electronic brainstorming tools
Idea organisers
Voting tools
GDSS Alternatives
[Figure 10.14]
Stair & Raynolds
Decision Room
Decision room
alternative
– Decision makers are
located in the same
building or geographic
area.
– Decision makers are
occasional users of the
GDSS approach.
Stair & Raynolds
Local Decision network
Schultheis & Sumner
GDSS Alternatives
l Teleconferencing alternative
-Location of group members is
distant.
-Decision frequency is low.
-Group meetings at different
locations are tied together
Teleconferencing
chairs
terminals
table
video
cameras
public
screen
Schultheis & Sumner
Robert Schulthesis and Mary Sumner
Wide area decision network
Wide area decision
network
– Location of group
members is
geographically remote.
– Decision frequency is
high.
– Virtual workgroups
• Groups of workers located
around the world working
on common problems via a
GDSS
Stair & Raynolds
The Executive
Support System
• Gajendran – given a text description,
introduction, characteristics, benefits and
drawbacks
• Khaled, – similar, only the benefits and
drawback
• Avanish, sumit, Ahmed, bankie
The Executive
Support System (ESS)
• An IS that is focused on meeting the
strategic needs of the organisation
• Designed explicitly for the purposes of
senior management
• Used by senior management without
technical intermediaries
Easy to use, easy to learn
•
Use state-of-the-art integrated
graphics, text, and communication
technology
Web browsing, e-mail, groupware tools, DSS
and Expert System capabilities
•
Also known as an Executive
Information System (EIS)
The Executive
Support System (ESS)
•
Require a greater proportion of
information from outside the
business
Competitors, government, trade associations,
consultants, etc.
•
Are linked with value added
business processes
ESS Support:
•
•
•
•
•
defining an overall vision
strategic planning
strategic organising and staffing
strategic control
crisis management
Laudon and Laudon, pp480-482,
for examples
Intelligent Support Systems
•
Systems that augment a manager’s
intelligence and expertise
– Expert Systems (ES)
– Artificial intelligence
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•
•
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Natural Language processing
Neural networks
Fuzzy Logic
Intelligent agents
Artificial Intelligence
Cognitive Science
Applications
Expert systems
Learning systems
Fuzzy Logic
Genetic Algorithms
Neural Networks
Intelligent Agents
Robotics
Applications
Visual perception
Tactility
Dexterity
Locomotion
Navigation
Natural Interface
Applications
Natural languages
Speech recognition
Multisensory
interfaces
Virtual reality
The major application areas of AI
(O’Brien, 2002:223)
Expert Systems
Knowledge Based Information System
(KBIS)
Expert System (ES):
–A KBIS that uses its knowledge about a
specific area to act as an expert consultant
to the end user
Expert Systems
Mmayuran, Praveen, Ajay, Srujan –
Covers all important aspects
Plenty of examples
Expert System
Expert System Software
Inference Engine
QUERY
USER
INPUT
IF…
and IF …
and IF …
and IF …
THEN
User Interface
Programs
EXPERT
ADVICE
User Interface
Programs
Knowledge Base
OUTPUT
Fact…
Fact…
Realtionship …
Fact …
Realtionship …
Realtionship …
Expert System Development
THE EXPERT
and/or THE
KNOWLEDGE
ENGINEER
Knowledge
Acquisition
programme
Knowledge Engineering
Components of an Expert System, and the components involved in
building the knowledge base.
(Adapted from O’Brien (2004:293) and Oz(2006:333))
Whale Watcher
http://www.aiinc.ca/demos/whale.
html
Expert Systems Applications in
Business
Chapter 11, Minicase 2, Page 501-502 of
Turban etal.
Pages 438-439, Laudon and Laudon
http://www.exsys.com/exsys.html Case Studies
Expert Systems Applications in
Business
CLUES (Countrywide’s Loan
Underwriting Expert Systems)
Intelligent help desk IBM, Microsoft, Compaq
CADS (Consumer Appliance Diagnostic
System) - Whirlpool
Web-based Expert Systems
u
Disseminating knowledge and expertise
u
Transferring ESs over the Net to human
users and other computerised systems
u
Also supports the spread of multimediabased ES (intellimedia systems)
Laudon & Laudon, p47
Executive
support systems
(ESS)
Management
Information
systems (MIS)
Decision
support systems
(DSS)
Knowledge
systems (ES
and office
systems)
Transaction
processing
systems (TPS)