Transcript nutrition lecture2

Guidelines for Healthy
Eating
Department of Applied Science
King Saud University/ Community College
By: Murad Sawalha
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Outline
• Nutrient & food guides for health promotion:
1) Nutrient standards:
- Dietary reference intakes.
- Other standards (such as food & agriculture organization)
2) Food guides & recommendations
- Food guide pyramid
- Dietary guidelines for Americans
- Other recommendations
3) Individual needs
- Person-Centered care
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- Changing food environment
Nutrient standards
• Most of the developed countries have standards
for the major nutrients.
• The purpose of these standards to help healthy
people meet the daily requirements of essential
nutrients & to facilitate meal planning.
• Used as a guideline by health care workers to
promote good health and prevent disease.
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Nutrient standards:
• Cardiovascular
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Disease—38.5% of
deaths
Hypertension—25% of
adults
Type 2 Diabetes—6% of
population
Nutrition and Health
• Overweight and Obesity
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—65% of adults/ 15%
of children
Some Cancers
Osteoporosis
Constipation
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Oral Disease
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Nutrient standards
1) Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)
• Updated & recognized by the united states.
• DRIs: are a comprehensive set of 4 nutrient based reference
values (categories) for healthy populations that can be used
for assessing and planning diets.
• Values have been developed for vitamins, minerals,
macronutrients, and energy.
• DRIs are primarily for professional use because they deal
with quantities of nutrients as opposed to amounts of food
• Include recommendations for each gender & age group as
well as for pregnancy & lactation.
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What are the different DRI values?
• A set of reference values:
– The new Recommended Dietary
Allowances (RDAs)
– Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)
– Adequate Intakes (AI)
– Tolerable Upper Limit (TUL)
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What is the RDA?
Recommended Dietary Allowance
• The RDAs are amounts of essential
nutrients considered adequate to
meet the nutritional needs of 97 to
98% of healthy people in a gender &
age group.
• Derived from an EAR
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What is the EAR?
Estimated Average Requirement
• Nutrient intake to meet the
requirement of half the healthy
people of an age & gender
• The MEDIAN (Think bell curve)
• Basis for establishing an RDA
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What is the AI?
Adequate Intake
• The AI is similar to the RDA, but it is not
known what percentage of people are
meeting nutritional needs by consuming
the AI
• An AI is set when there are insufficient
data to define a RDA
• Insufficient data to determine an EAR
• Based on observed intakes, experimental
data, etc.
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What is the UL?
Tolerable Upper Intake Level
• Highest daily nutrient intake likely to pose
no risk of adverse health effects to almost
all the general population
• Applies to daily use
• Not a recommended level
– No established benefits of higher level
– Increased risks at higher intakes
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Nutrient standards
2) Other standards
• Canadian and British standards have been
similar to U.S. standards.
• Food & Agriculture Organization (FAO), &
World health Organization (WHO): used
standards for less developed countries,
where factors such as the quality of
available proteins must be considered.
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Food guides & recommendations
(dietary guidelines)
• Science-based advice for healthy ages +2
years
• Promote health, prevent chronic disease
• Updated every 5 years
• Basis for nutrition education & food
planning
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1) Dietary Guidelines for Americans
• Intended to help the healthy people, age 2+ yrs, to
choose diets that are nutritionally adequate, promote
health, and reduce the risk of chronic disease
• Revised every 5 years
• The guidelines promote 3 basic goals:
1) Aim for fitness
2) Build a healthy base
3) Choose sensible
• These goals are divided into 10 specific objectives
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Aim for Fitness
 Aim for a healthy weight
 Be physically active each day
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Build a Healthy Base
 Let the Pyramid guide your food
choices
 Choose a variety of grains daily,
especially whole grains
 Choose a variety of fruits &
vegetables daily
 Keep food safe to eat
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Choose Sensibly
• Choose a diet that is low in
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saturated fat & cholesterol,
& moderate in total fat
Choose beverages & foods to
moderate your intake of sugars
Choose & prepare foods
w/ less salt
If you drink alcoholic beverages, do
so in moderation
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2) Food Guide Pyramid
• a graphic illustration of the Dietary
Guidelines for Americans
• recommends ranges of servings for
each of the food groups
• current Food Guide Pyramid was
developed in 1992, only slightly
revised in 1996, and does not reflect
more recent research findings
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Concepts underlying the Food Guide Pyramid
• Balance
• Moderation
• Variety
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Food Guide Pyramid
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Food Guides
• The pyramidal shape is not
necessarily superior to other food
guide graphics
• Worldwide, food guides consistently
recommend a high intake of grains,
fruits, and vegetables
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3) Other recommendations
• The American Heart Association, the
American Cancer Society, and the
American Institute for Cancer Research
each recommend a plant-based diet to
reduce the risk of chronic disease
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Individual needs
• Person centered care: food patterns vary
with individual needs, tastes, habits, living
situation, & energy demands.
• Changing food environment: there are
more processed food items of variable or
unknown nutrient quality.
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