Transcript Artificial Intelligence - Department of Computing

Artificial Intelligence
Module – CS364
Introduction to
Artificial Intelligence – CS364
05th September 2006
Dr Bogdan L. Vrusias
[email protected]
Artificial Intelligence
Module – CS364
Fundamental Questions of AI
(Alan Turing asked:)
Is there thought without experience?
Is there mind without communication?
Is there language without living?
Is there intelligence without life?
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Can machines think?
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Artificial Intelligence
Module – CS364
CS364 Aims
• The aim of this module is:
– This module aims to demonstrate a variety of techniques for
capturing human knowledge and represent it in a computer, in a
way that enables the machine to reason over the data represented,
and mimic the human ability to deal with incomplete or uncertain
data.
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Artificial Intelligence
Module – CS364
CS364 Outcomes
• At the end of the module students should be able to:
– Describe methods for acquiring human knowledge.
– Evaluate which of the acquisition methods would be most
appropriate in a given situation.
– Describe techniques for representing acquired knowledge in a way
that facilitates automated reasoning over the knowledge.
– Categorise and evaluate AI techniques according to different
criteria such as applicability and ease of use, and intelligently
participate in the selection of the appropriate techniques and tools,
to solve simple problems.
– Use the presented techniques in practice to develop an “intelligent”
system.
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Artificial Intelligence
Module – CS364
CS364 Content I
• Knowledge-Based Intelligent Systems
– Intelligent machines and what they can do.
– Artificial intelligence from the ‘Dark Ages’ to knowledge-based
systems
– What is knowledge?
– Knowledge representation techniques
– Rules as a knowledge representation technique
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Artificial Intelligence
Module – CS364
CS364 Content II
• Uncertainty Management in Expert Systems
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Introduction to uncertainty
Bayesian reasoning
Certainty factors theory and evidential reasoning
Comparison of Bayesian reasoning and certainty factors
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Artificial Intelligence
Module – CS364
CS364 Content III
• Fuzzy Expert Systems
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Introduction to fuzzy thinking
Fuzzy sets
Linguistic variables and hedges
Operations of fuzzy sets
Fuzzy rules
Fuzzy inference
Building a fuzzy expert system
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Artificial Intelligence
Module – CS364
CS364 Content IV
• Machine Learning
– Introduction to learning
– Introduction to Artificial Neural Networks
– Introduction to Evolutionary Computation
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Artificial Intelligence
Module – CS364
CS364 Content V
• Knowledge Engineering and Data Mining
– Introduction to knowledge engineering
– How to find the tools that will work for my problem
– Data mining and knowledge discovery
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Artificial Intelligence
Module – CS364
Assessment Pattern
Unit(s) of Assessment
Weighting Towards
Module Mark (%)
Coursework
25
Verbal Examination (based on the coursework)
15
Examination
60
Qualifying Condition(s)
A weighted aggregate mark of 40% is required to pass the module.
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Artificial Intelligence
Module – CS364
Coursework
• The students are expected to participate in a group project
focused on studying the architecture and behaviour of an
fuzzy logic system.
• Students may use a pre-existing program (shell) or write
their own.
– The department will provide the Matlab Fuzzy Logic tool,
– but, there are web sites which contain AI freeware and the students
are expected to make the most of this freeware.
• The student is expected to write an individual 10-page
(max) report on his or her study, not exceeding 3000
words.
– More details will be give at appropriate time.
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Artificial Intelligence
Module – CS364
Methods of Teaching/Learning
• The module will consist of 26 hours of lectures, and 4
practical tutorial hours.
• NOTE: Attending lectures is VERY important!
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Artificial Intelligence
Module – CS364
On-line Resources
• CS364 main resource
– http://www.cs.surrey.ac.uk/teaching/cs364
NOTE: Make sure you check the module website regularly!
• The WWWW (i.e http://www.google.com !!!)
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Artificial Intelligence
Module – CS364
Selected Texts
• The main course book for this module that contains most
of the theoretical material is:
– Negnevitsky, Michael (2004), Artificial Intelligence – A Guide to
Intelligent Systems (Second Edition), Harlow, UK, Addison
Wesley, ISBN: 0321204662.
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Artificial Intelligence
Module – CS364
Selected Texts II
• Other recommended books are:
– Luger, G.F (2004) Artificial Intelligence: Structures &
Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (Fifth Edition).
London: Addison-Wesley, ISBN: 0321263189.
– Callan, Rob (2003), Artificial Intelligence, Basingstoke,
Hampshire, UK, Palgrave MacMillan, ISBN: 0333801369.
– Winston, Patrick H. (1992), Artificial Intelligence (Third
Edition), Reading (MASS): Addison-Wesley Publishers
Co, ISBN: 0201533774.
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Artificial Intelligence
Module – CS364
Learning contract – for us all
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Punctuality
No disruption of other’s learning
Mobile phones!
Availability (office 06BB02):
– Tuesdays 14:00 - 16:00
• Communication: email and the student hours
• Fun
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Artificial Intelligence
Module – CS364
Discussion
• Can machines think?
• Can machines see?
• How does a human mind work? Is it magic?
• Can non-humans have minds?
• Can machines replace a human worker?
• Are intelligent machines good or bad for humans?
• Would you trust one?
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Artificial Intelligence
Module – CS364
What is Intelligence?
• Intelligence is the ability to understand and learn things.
• Intelligence is the ability to think and understand instead
of doing things by instinct or automatically.
• (Essential English Dictionary, Collins, London, 1990).
• Intelligence is the ability to learn and understand, to solve
problems and to make decisions.
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Artificial Intelligence
Module – CS364
What is Artificial Intelligence?
• The goal of artificial intelligence (AI) as a science is to
make machines do things that would require intelligence if
done by humans.
• AI is a branch of computing science that deals with the
specification, design and implementation of information
systems that have some knowledge related to the
enterprise in which the information systems are situated.
• Such systems are designed per se to be responsive to the
needs of their end-users.
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Artificial Intelligence
Module – CS364
Turing Imitation Game
• The British mathematician Alan Turing, over fifty years
ago, inventing a game, the Turing Imitation Game.
• The imitation game originally included two phases:
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Artificial Intelligence
Module – CS364
Turing Imitation Game – Phase 1
In the first phase, the interrogator, a man
and a woman are each placed in separate
rooms. The interrogator’s objective is to
work out who is the man and who is the
woman by questioning them. The man
should attempt to deceive the interrogator
that he is the woman, while the woman
has to convince the interrogator that she is
the woman.
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Artificial Intelligence
Module – CS364
Turing Imitation Game – Phase 2
In the second phase of the game, the man
is replaced by a computer programmed to
deceive the interrogator as the man did. It
would even be programmed to make
mistakes and provide fuzzy answers in the
way a human would. If the computer can
fool the interrogator as often as the man
did, we may say this computer has passed
the intelligent behaviour test.
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Second Phase
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Artificial Intelligence
Module – CS364
Turing Remarks
• By maintaining communication between the human and
the machine via terminals, the test gives us an objective
standard view on intelligence.
• A program thought intelligent in some narrow area of
expertise is evaluated by comparing its performance with
the performance of a human expert.
• To build an intelligent computer system, we have to
capture, organise and use human expert knowledge in
some narrow area of expertise.
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Artificial Intelligence
Module – CS364
Some AI Examples
• Please check the following websites on your free time:
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http://www.generation5.org/jdk/demos.asp
http://www.aridolan.com/ofiles/eFloys.html
http://www.aridolan.com/ofiles/iFloys.html
http://www.arch.usyd.edu.au/~rob/#applets
http://www.softrise.co.uk/srl/old/caworld.html
http://people.clarkson.edu/~esazonov/neural_fuzzy/loadsway/LoadSway.htm
http://www.iit.nrc.ca/IR_public/fuzzy/FuzzyTruck.html
http://www.pandorabots.com/pandora/talk?botid=f5d922d97e345aa1
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Artificial Intelligence
Module – CS364
Closing
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Questions???
Remarks???
Comments!!!
Evaluation!
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