Transcript Literature Review

Literature Survey,
Literature Comprehension, &
Literature Review
Literature Review
Literature Review

The literature review is the process of
consolidating the various strands of
past research into a single narrative
describing the evolution of the research
domain.
Literature Review

There are checklists provided to assist
you in this task, one that deals with the
evaluation of a research paper we ave
already seen, and the other which
deals with questions to reflect upon
regarding the overall structure of the
literature review chapter in a
dissertation.
Literature Review

Literature Review Chapter

http://www.comp.dit.ie/dgordon/CheckSheets/LitReviewCheckSheet.doc
Literature Review


















The questions of this checksheet are:
Has the student laid the foundations for his/her work– why it is important that
they pursue their topic?
Have they been able to show a gap in the literature (more important for PhDs but
still a good idea)?
Is the nature/type of the research clear?
Is the work well written, interesting and easy to read?
Does the literature review read like a list of studies or does it build their
point/arguments.
Is the work simply a repeat or cut and paste of other’s work?
Are key researchers and important works included?
Examples of other good literature surveys?
Have they set out orthogonal issues?
Has research been examined for both content and methods?
Have studies been compared and contrasted? Has the literature been extended?
Has the student been critical in all areas of the research (design) and not just
examined the results?
Is it ‘a students’ literature review – aimed at supporting their research, rather
than just being ‘a’ review of ‘the’ literature?
Is each section important? Do they explain how that topic contributes to building a
cohesive argument/point
Has the work explored what methods are used to carry out research in other studies?
Are the limitations of the design/research methods discussed?
Are there recommendations for further research?
Literature Review

The underlying (or hidden) theme of the
narrative is to show that there is a ‘gap’
in the existing research and how your
work will address this problem.
Literature Review

The review itself is the final piece of the
puzzle, it is a matter of tying together all the
previous research that you have found and
reviewed, and producing an artifact that is
not just all those reviews put together, but a
coherent and cohesive narrative of the
research to date, and a narrative that points
to a ‘gap’ in the research that your work
intends to fill. It also contextualises the work
in the broader research scope.
Literature Review



The first step in this process is to consider
each article that you have reviewed, is it
significant enough to go into the review ?
How do you evaluate that ?
The answer is simple ; does it help build
towards the ‘gap’ in the research you are
identifying ? or to put it another way, could
you take this article out and it wouldn’t make
any difference ?
Literature Review



The articles should group together into
research trends so you should list the
articles by this grouping and see which ones
are important.
Your literature map will help with identifying
the key themes.
The review does not have to be in
chronological order, but rather in the order
the most clearly shows the trends in this
field.
Literature Review


Remember that writing is not necessarily a linear
process, write what sections you know about, when
you know about them.
As with all of the writing that you will be doing for
you dissertation, there will be many drafts of the
literature review chapter, so it is best to write far too
much first and then you can cut down, therefore you
should include many of the questions for each
article in the first draft of your work and chip away
at it a piece at a time.
Literature Review



I recommend a “5 by 5”
approach.
Read five papers, and
the accompanying
checksheets, now write
five lines about each
paper (note: not five
sentences, five lines of
font size 12 text).
Do this ten times.
Five
by
five
Literature Review


The research should be seen as the zenith
of the cumulative process of the scientific
research that has already been done.
Then the process becomes a matter of
making these disparate stories into one
single narrative, with one theme : there is
something missing in the research to date
that you are going to address.
Literature Review

The structure of the literature review
will be the same as that of any
document, it has a



beginning,
middle and
end.
Literature Review

The beginning or introduction will
introduce the main research topics and
provide definitions for key concepts
that are important to your research –
definitions that support your approach
taken in the research.
Literature Review

The end or conclusion will be that
there has been a great deal of work
done in this area, but there is a gap in
the work that your research will
address.
Literature Review

The middle part of the literature review, can
be presented in a number of ways,
depending on your personal preferences,
the main research trends must be
discussed, key researchers must be
identified, and the work must spiral from its
research beginnings towards the research
gap that you are going to fill.
Literature Review


The general research topics you discuss
must lead logically to the specific research
that you are undertaking.
So if we go back to the T-Shaped structure:
2D Analysis
Breadth of Research
Depth of Research
2D Analysis
Breadth of Research
Depth of Research
2D Analysis
Breadth of Research
Depth of Research
Finding
your
“eye of
the storm”
Literature Review

It may be the case that the trends in the
research in your domain fall into two
opposing camps, the for-and-against type
paradigm, This being the case, whichever
side your work is on, make sure that you
present the merits of each side, this gives
your readers a balanced view of the domain,
and gives them the impression of a
researcher who can take a sophisticated
perspective on matters.
Literature Review

Let’s look at a simple example:
Literature Review

TEXT: “Although little research has been done on the influence of movies on the public
perception of hacking, researchers have investigated other topics in computer science,
for example, Bartneck (2004) looks at how movies represent robots and robotics and in
particular how these movies help contribute to the general public’s behaviours to real-life
robots. Similarly Schmitz et al. (2008) look at models of computer interfaces presented in
movies, and considers the viability of such interfaces in real-life. Also, Fisher (2001) looks
at how artificial intelligence has been represented in the movies and how this may impact
on the public perception of artificial intelligences. In general the public perception of
computer science is strongly influenced by movie representations.”

REFERENCES:
Bartneck, C. (2004). From Fiction to Science - A Cultural Reflection on Social Robots" in
proceedings of the CHI2004 Workshop on Shaping Human-Robot Interaction, Vienna.
Fisher, R. (2001) “AI and Cinema - Does Artificial Insanity Rule?”, Twelfth Irish
Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science, National University of Ireland
(NUI), Maynooth, Ireland.
Schmitz, M., Endres, C., Butz, A. (2008) "A Survey of Human-Computer Interaction
Design in Science Fiction Movies", Second International Conference on Intelligent
Technologies for Interactive Entertainment (ICST INTETAIN ’08). January 8-10, 2008,
Cancun, Mexico.



Literature Review

TEXT: “Although little research has been done on the influence of movies on the public
perception of hacking, researchers have investigated other topics in computer science,
for example, Bartneck (2004) looks at how movies represent robots and robotics and in
particular how these movies help contribute to the general public’s behaviours to real-life
robots. Similarly Schmitz et al. (2008) look at models of computer interfaces presented in
movies, and considers the viability of such interfaces in real-life. Also, Fisher (2001) looks
at how artificial intelligence has been represented in the movies and how this may impact
on the public perception of artificial intelligences. In general the public perception of
computer science is strongly influenced by movie representations.”

REFERENCES:
Bartneck, C. (2004). From Fiction to Science - A Cultural Reflection on Social Robots" in
proceedings of the CHI2004 Workshop on Shaping Human-Robot Interaction, Vienna.
Fisher, R. (2001) “AI and Cinema - Does Artificial Insanity Rule?”, Twelfth Irish
Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science, National University of Ireland
(NUI), Maynooth, Ireland.
Schmitz, M., Endres, C., Butz, A. (2008) "A Survey of Human-Computer Interaction
Design in Science Fiction Movies", Second International Conference on Intelligent
Technologies for Interactive Entertainment (ICST INTETAIN ’08). January 8-10, 2008,
Cancun, Mexico.
Citations



Literature Review

TEXT: “Although little research has been done the influence of movies on the public
perception of hacking, researchers have investigated other topics in computer science,
for example, Bartneck (2004) looks at how movies represent robots and robotics and in
particular how these movies help contribute to the general public’s behaviours to real-life
robots. Similarly Schmitz et al. (2008) look at models of computer interfaces presented in
movies, and considers the viability of such interfaces in real-life. Also, Fisher (2001) looks
at how artificial intelligence has been represented in the movies and how this may impact
on the public perception of artificial intelligences. In general the public perception of
computer science is strongly influenced by movie representations.”

REFERENCES:
Bartneck, C. (2004). From Fiction to Science - A Cultural Reflection on Social Robots" in
proceedings of the CHI2004 Workshop on Shaping Human-Robot Interaction, Vienna.
Fisher, R. (2001) “AI and Cinema - Does Artificial Insanity Rule?”, Twelfth Irish
Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science, National University of Ireland
(NUI), Maynooth, Ireland.
Schmitz, M., Endres, C., Butz, A. (2008) "A Survey of Human-Computer Interaction
Design in Science Fiction Movies", Second International Conference on Intelligent
Technologies for Interactive Entertainment (ICST INTETAIN ’08). January 8-10, 2008,
Cancun, Mexico.
Citations


References

How to cite

The correct way to cite





one author is (Smith, 2005)
two authors is (Smith and Jones, 2005)
multiple authors is (Smith et al., 2005)
Please note:
Since “et al.” is an abbreviation of the
phrase “et alia” the full stop is necessary.
Additionally as it is a foreign phrase it must
always be in italics.
How to cite

Allow me to repeat that last bit, since no one
seems to do it correctly:

Please note:
Since “et al.” is an abbreviation of the
phrase “et alia” the full stop is necessary.
Additionally as it is a foreign phrase it must
always be in italics.

Literature Review