Transcript Understanding Computers, Chapter 12

Information Systems
System Development
Program Development
Database Development
Chapters 12, 13, 14
Learning Objectives
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
2
Understand what information systems are and why they
are needed.
Explain who uses information systems in a typical
organization.
Identify several types of information systems commonly
found in organizations and describe the purpose of each.
Explain the individuals involved with system
development.
Identify and describe the different steps of the system
development life cycle (SDLC).
Discuss several approaches used to develop systems.
Understanding Computers: Today and
Tomorrow, 14th Edition
2
What is Information?

What is Information?
3
What Is a System?

System:

Collection of elements and procedures that interact to accomplish a
goal
4
What Is an Information System?

Information system:

A system (collection of elements and procedures that interact to accomplish a goal)
used to generate the information (data: facts and statistics collected
together for reference or analysis) needed to support the users in an
organization




Payroll?
Inventory tracking?
FedEx Package Tracking?
Components of an Information System




People
Hardware and Software
Data
Procedures
5
What does an Information System provide?

Business intelligence (BI):


Data warehouse (data mart):


The processes, technologies, and tools used to gather, store,
access, and analyze data about a company
Comprehensive collection of data about a company and its
customers
Ability to mine the data (data mining):

The use of intelligent software to find subtle patterns that may
not be otherwise evident

Can identify processes that need improvement
6
American Airlines
Enterprise
architecture
Provides a conceptual
blueprint of an
organization, defines
its structure and its
operations
Allows managers to
organize and
maximize the use
of its resources
and make better
decisions
Not easy to develop
and requires time
and effort, but
once in place, it is
an invaluable
decision support
tool
Types of Information Systems

6 main categories of information systems






Office
Transaction
Decision Making
Integrated Enterprise
Design and Manufacturing
Artificial Intelligence
8
Types of Information Systems

Office system: A system used to facilitate
communications and enhance productivity

Document management system (DMS):


Content management system (CMS):


Stores, organizes, and retrieves electronic documents
DMS that also includes multimedia files and other content
Communications system:

Allows employees to communicate with each other, with business
partners, and with customers
9
Types of Information Systems

Transaction processing system (TPS): Processes and
records data created by an organization’s business
transactions

Usually processed in
real time (POS system, etc.)

Specialty systems used
in law enforcement,
the military, etc.
May be grouped together in batches
(like printing payroll checks for 100
people all at once, vs. one at a time)

10
Types of Information Systems

Decision making support systems: Help individuals make
decisions

MIS - Management information system (MIS): Provides decision
makers with preselected information

DSS - Decision support system (DSS): Provides people with the
tools and capabilities to organize and analyze their decision
making information

GIS - Geographic information system (GIS): Combines
geographical information with other types of data to provide a
better understanding of relationships among the data
11
Types of Information Systems
Management Information Systems (MISs)
12
Types of Information Systems
Decision Support Systems (DSSs)
13
Types of Information Systems
Geographic Information Systems (GISs)
14
Types of Information Systems

Integrated
enterprise system:

Designed to work
together throughout
an enterprise
15
Types of Information Systems

Design and manufacturing systems: Use computers to
automate the design and manufacturing functions


Computer-aided design (CAD)
Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)
16
Types of Information Systems

Artificial intelligence (AI) system: A system in which a
computer performs actions that are characteristic of
human intelligence


EXPERT
ROBOTICS
17
Types of Information Systems
-AI Robotics

Military robots




Investigate caves, buildings, trails, etc.,
before soldiers enter
Locate and defuse explosive devices
Surveillance
Business robots






Seeking gas leaks, intruders, other hazards
Working on factory assembly lines
Mining coal, repairing oil rigs
Locating survivors/rescues
Remote video- conferencing
Personal robots



Entertainment
Toys
Household tasks
18
Information System Users

Companies can share their Information systems with
other companies:


UPS shares its shipping options with Amazon
Departments within companies can share their
Information Systems


Admissions office can share transcript data with the Athletic dept
Information Systems are used by all employees



Every employee: Find out vacation hours balance
Managers: Manage budgets
Supervisors: track work completed; schedule workers
19
Why do information systems get created?


If company decides that computers can save time/money,
then an Information System might be acquired or
developed by its IT department
Information System may be required (or required to be
modified) because of:



New laws
Changes to the legal requirements for retaining business data
New technology
20
How do information systems get created?

Many personnel involved










Role of the Analyst is extremely important


Managers
Analysts
Database Administrators
Security and Network technicians
Web Designers
Programmers
Computer Operators
Help Desk
Writers
Must understand how the business works
Must understand how computers can assist/improve business


System requirements must be “understood” in order build or modify an
information system
Requirements must be translated from English into a computer program
21
Where do IT personnel come from?


Inhouse: Use employed/internal resources
Outsource: Hiring outside vendor to perform specific
business tasks




Offshore outsourcing: Outsourced to another country
Captive offshoring: Own facilities
Nearshoring: Outsourcing to nearby countries
Homeshoring: Outsourcing to
home-based workers
22
The System Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

Information systems built and repaired, eventually replaced


Building has a process
Information flows between each phase(step) of the process

Different people are involved – you may be one of them, someday!
1. Feasibility
•
Is it worthwhile to have?
2. Analysis
•
•
•
What should it do?
What features should it
have?
What data will it use?
3. Design
•
What will it look like?
4. Develop
•
Creation – build or buy
5. Implement
•
Test it - get rid of the
“bugs”
6. Maintain
•
Keeping it running
23