Transcript WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?

Intelligent
Agents:
an Overview
Definitions
Rational behavior: to achieve a goal
minimizing the cost and maximizing the
satisfaction.
Rational agent:
Sensors to perceive the environment
Effectors to change the environment
A processing component that
chooses how to act depending on the input,
the goal, available actions, the environment.
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Terminology
Percept sequence : sequence of
inputs to the agent.
Performance measure: a measure of
our satisfaction with the agent.
Utility function: used by the agent to
evaluate its actions.
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Percepts and Actions
In general, there is a mapping between
the percept sequences and the possible
actions.
The mapping can be represented
 explicitly (table look up),
 as a function (e.g. square root agent),
 as a set of rules

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Features of an Agent I
The agent constructs the algorithm
to accomplish the task
dynamically
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Knowledge base
Reasoning mechanisms
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Features of an Agent II
The agent accumulates experience learns from its activity and adapts
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Learning
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Through interaction with the user, and /or
other agents
It may change its knowledge base, it may
change its reasoning procedures
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The PAGE Model
PAGE:
Percepts
Actions
Goals
Environment
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General Scheme of Action
Analyze percepts and update
memory
 Choose best-action based on the
new state of memory
 Update memory after the action
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Environment Program
The environment is described in terms of
states
Basic loop:
Do until termination state:
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send percept to agent
get action from agent
evaluate action and compute
performance scores
update environment
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Types of Agents
Simple reflex agents
 Agents that keep track of the
world
 Goal-based agents
 Utility-based agents
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Reflex Agents
External
world
IF
Condition
THEN
Action
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Agents that Keep Track of the
World
External
world
Memory
IF
Condition
THEN
Action
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Goal-Based Agents
Goals
IF
Condition
THEN
Choose a rule
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Utility-Based Agents
Utility
function
Goals
IF
Condition
THEN
Choose a
rule
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Agents and Robots
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Software agents
 Intelligent agents whose input (apart
from interaction with the user) is from
the virtual computer world
Robots
 Hardware devices
 Input - from the real world
 Need more capabilities - motion, vision,
reasoning about space.
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Research in Robotics
NASA robotics: http://robotics.jpl.nasa.gov/groups/rv/homepage.html
Brown University: http://www.cs.brown.edu/research/areas/robotics.html
Stanford Robotics: http://ai.stanford.edu/
Humanoid Robotics at MIT AI lab:
http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/humanoid-robotics-group/
Mark Tilden's bug robots
http://www.beam-online.com/Robots/Galleria_other/tilden.html
Robogenetics project http://www.nis.lanl.gov/projects/robot/
The Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
at the Free University of Brussels:
http://arti.vub.ac.be/
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