Transcript The Shape of Things to Come or How Things Will Shape the

Artificial Intelligence:
The Cyber Art of Being Alive
Jerry B. Weinberg
Associate Professor
Department of Computer Science
What is Intelligence?
• Expert Tasks
– Medical Diagnosis
– Airplane Mechanic
• Formal Tasks
– Mathematics
– Game Playing
• Creative Tasks
– Painting
– Music Composition
• Everyday Tasks
– Visual recognition
– Language understanding
Intelligence
• The ability to apply knowledge to manipulate one's
environment
• The ability to learn, understand, and deal with new
situations
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Storing knowledge (facts about a subject)
Reasoning (putting facts together to achieve a goal)
Learning (new knowledge and skill refinement)
Perception (interpreting the environment)
Reasoning: State Space Search
• State Space
– The space of all possible states of a problem
– The actions that can be applied to a state
• Solving a problem: State Space Search
– From a starting state search for a solution by
applying possible actions
– Goal test
• Example:
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How could you find your car?
States: locations where you are
Actions: moving from one point to the next
Goal test: Being in the same location as your car
Exhaustive Search
vs. Intelligent
Search
Heuristic Reasoning
• Heuristic
– “Rule of thumb”
– a way to measure good a state is to get to your
goal
• Examples
– Parking: what would be a good heuristic to find
your car?
Knowledge Representation
• Data  Information Knowledge
– Data is a collection of raw values
– Information is derived facts from values
– Knowledge is information applied to a problem
• Knowledge representation encodes
information in a program in such a way that
it can be applied to a problem
Solve These Problems
• What is the name of this shape?
• 432 X 14 =
• How many windows are in your house?
Different type of problems require different ways to
represent the knowledge and different ways of
reasoning.
Knowledge
Representations:
Theories of Cognition
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Rule-based
Model-based
Case-based
Neural Networks
Bayesian Networks
Formal Logic
Intelligent Agents (IA’s) are Physical Symbol Systems
– Symbols and symbols structures that can be manipulated
syntactically by a set of processes
– The symbol structure can be interpreted semantically
Symbol Grounding Problem
• 4 apples – 1 apple = 3 apples
• Where does a symbol get its “meaning”
• How does a computer “understand” what the
symbol means?
• How do we understand what a symbol means?
Where are we going?
Caveat: The Difficulties of Being a Futurist
• The future is difficult to predict
– Thomas Watson, Chairman of IBM, 1943
• “I think there is a world market for maybe five computers”
– Ken Olson, President of DEC, 1977
• “There is no reason anyone would want a computer in their home.”
– Bill Gates, CEO of Microsoft, 1981
• “640 Kilobytes ought to be enough for anybody.”
• Things are not always used for what they are design to do
– Arpanet (original Internet) was designed for robust communication
in the event of a war.
– We are now using it to order dog food and post pictures of our
spring break vacation.
Where is the AI now?
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Microsoft Office Helpers
Amazon.com
NBA Scout
Furby
Wal-Mart Stocker
Batman the Movie
Half-life
The Sims
NASA
Creative AI’s
• AARON the cyberartist
– Knowledge of objects and colors
– Creates original paintings
• The Cyber Poet
– “Reads” books and creates a language model
– Uses the model to create original hiaku’s
Soul
A haiku written by Ray Kurzweil's Cybernetic Poet
after reading poems by John Keats and Wendy Dennis
You broke my soul
the juice of eternity,
the spirit of my lips.
Computer Power
• Apple IIe, 1983
– 1 Mhz, $1,400
• Dell PC, Today
– 4 2 Ghz processors, $900
Embedded Computers: Embedded AI
• Augmented Reality
• Ubiquitous Computing
– GPS: Path Finding
– Security Face Recognition
Robotics
A machine able to extract information from its
environment and use knowledge about its world to move
safely in a meaningful manner
Physically Embodied Computation
The Real World is a Harsh Place
Inaccessible
Non-deterministic
Dynamic
Teleprescence
• The next best thing to being there?
– Meetings, building inspections, home
doctor visits, search & rescue
• SOE Tour Guide
Autonomous Robots
• Mobile Robotics
– Maintenance
– Construction
– Entertainment
Autonomous Robots
• Robotics
– Productivity
– Service
– Friends
Everyone can be a robot scientist
• Robot Kits between $200 - $2000