Transcript Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence
Past, Present, & Future
Andrea McGrath
April 21st, 2006
What is AI?
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The ability of a
computer or other
machine to perform
those activities that
are normally thought
to require intelligence.
A brief history
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1936 Alan Turing completes his
paper "On computable numbers"
which paves the way for artificial
intelligence and modern
computing
1942 Isaac Asimov sets out his
three laws of robotics in the book I,
Robot
1950 Alan Turing proposes the
Turing test to decide whether a
computer is exhibiting intelligent
behaviour
1956 John McCarthy coins the
phrase "artificial intelligence" at a
conference at Dartmouth College,
New Hampshire
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1956 Stanislaw Ulam develops "Maniac I", the
first chess program to beat a human player, at
the Los Alamos National Laboratory
1965 Herbert Simon predicts that "by 1985
machines will be capable of doing any work a
man can do"
1966 Joseph Weizenbaum, a computer scientist
at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
develops Eliza, the world's first chatbot
1969 Shakey, a robot built by the Stanford
Research Institute in California, combines
locomotion, perception and problem solving
1982 The Japanese Fifth Generation Computer
project to develop massively parallel computers
and a new artificial intelligence is born
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1992 Doug Lenat forms Cycorp to continue work
on Cyc, an expert system that's learning
common sense
1997 The Deep Blue chess program beats the
then world chess champion, Garry Kasparov
1997 Microsoft's Office Assistant, part of Office
97, uses AI to offer customised help
1997 Microsoft's Office Assistant, part of Office
97, uses AI to offer customised help
2001 The Global Hawk uncrewed aircraft uses
an AI navigation system to guide it on a 13,000kilometre journey from California to Australia
The Turing Test
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Created by Alan
Turing in 1950
A test designed to
assess a machine’s
intelligence
No machine has
consistently passed
the test
How does it work?
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A human interrogator is connected to both a
human and a machine, neither of which can be
seen.
The interrogator asks questions to both the
machine and human, trying to determine which
is the machine.
The machine and human subject both try to
convince the interrogator that they are human
If the interrogator incorrectly identifies the
computer as human, the machine has passed
the test and is considered intelligent
How does it work?