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Artificial Intelligence Bodies of animals are nothing more than complex machines - Rene Descartes What is A.I. It is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs. It is related to the similar task of using computers to understand human intelligence, but AI does not have to confine itself to methods that are biologically observable. What is A.I. Intelligence is the computational part of the ability to achieve goals in the world. Varying kinds and degrees of intelligence occur in people, many animals and some machines. History of A.I. History of A.I. Dates as far back as the Egyptians with the mythical statues Socrates thought of it too The Wolfgang von Kempelen's Maezel Chess Automaton 1956 the first AI program, the Logic Theoris Strong vs. Weak A.I. Can computers ever become intelligent? Strong A.I. – Yes! Weak A.I. – No! Strong vs. Weak A.I. Strong AI is the claim that some forms of artificial intelligence can truly reason and solve problems; strong AI states that it is possible for machines to become sapient, or self-aware, but may or may not exhibit human-like thought processes. Strong vs. Weak A.I. Weak AI refers to the use of software to study the behavioristic and pragmatic view of intelligence. In weak AI, there is not the claim for software actually being intelligent, but just being a tool we use to assess hypotheses regarding the nature of intelligence. Human Brain vs. Computers Human Brain Performs many parallel operations Neurons Computer Performs single operations quickly Ghz Why A.I. Engineering: To get machines to do a wider variety of useful things e.g., understand spoken natural language, recognize individual people in visual scenes, find the best travel plan for your vacation, etc. Why A.I. Cognitive Science: As a way to understand how natural minds and mental phenomena work e.g., visual perception, memory, learning, language, etc. Turin Thesis Written by Alan Turin and published in 1950, is a seminal paper on the topic of artificial intelligence in which the concept of what is now known as the Turing Test was introduced Turin Test Three rooms contain a person, a computer, and an interrogator The interrogator can communicate with the other two by teleprinter. The interrogator tries to determine which is the person and which is the machine. The machine tries to fool the interrogator into believing that it is the person. If the machine succeeds, then we conclude that the machine can think. ELIZA 1966 computer program by Joseph Weizenbaum Passed the Turin Test Emulates a therapist First script was DOCTOR. The script was a simple collection of syntactic patterns not unlike regular expressions Each pattern had associated reply including bits of the input (after simple transformations (my -> your) ELIZA ELIZA emulated as a therapist, largely by rephrasing many of the patient's statements as questions and posing them to the patient. Thus, for example, the response to "My head hurts" might be "Why do you say your head hurts?" The response to "My mother hates me" might be "Who else in your family hates you?" ELIZA Modern ELIZA like applications Chatterbot Ask Jeeves Microsoft Office Assistant Role playing video games GAME A.I. Role-Playing-Games Strategy Games Fantasy war game such as “Final Fantasy” Age of Empires Action Games Half Life The Loebner Contest A modern version of the Turing Test, held annually, with a $100,000 cash prize. http://www.loebner.net/Prizef/loebner-prize.html Participants include a set of humans and a set of computers and a set of judges. Scoring Rank from least human to most human. Highest median rank wins $2000. ($3000 in 2005) If better than a human, win $100,000. (Nobody yet…) The 2004 winner, Alice, is a chatbot. Try it at http://www.alicebot.org/ A.I. Today ASIMO Advanced Step in Innovative MObility Recognition of moving objects Recognition of postures and gestures Environment recognition Distinguishing sounds Facial recognition The End Host : Yuan Yao