Transcript Why Study Computers?

Chapter 9
Information, Decision
Support…
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Decision Making and Problem Solving
Management Information Systems
Decision Support Systems
Group Decision Support Systems
Artificial Intelligence and Special-Purpose
Systems
9.1
Decision Making and
Problem Solving
Key Terms
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Decision making
Problem solving
Programmed decisions
Nonprogrammed decisions
Optimization model
Heuristics
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Decision Making
& Problem Solving Process
Intelligence Stage
Potential Problems and
opportunities are identified
and defined
Design Stage
Alternative solutions to the
problem are developed
Choice Stage
Select a course of
action
Decision
Making
Problem
Solving
Implementation
Solution put into
effect
Monitoring
Evaluate the
implementation
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Decision Types
Programmed decisions
MIS
Structured situations with well defined
relationships
Quantifiable
Non-programmed decisions
DSS
Ill-structured situations with vague or changing
relationships between variables
Not easily quantifiable in advance
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MIS vs. DSS
 A MIS sheds light on a
wide-range of common,
day-to-day business
decisions.
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 A DSS supports
decision making for
specific unique and
difficult decisions.
Optimization and Heuristic
Approaches
 An optimization model finds the best
solution, usually the one that will best help
individuals or organizations meet their goals.
 Heuristics, often referred to as “rules of
thumb”—commonly accepted guidelines or
procedures that usually find a good solution,
but not necessarily the optimal solution—are
often used in the decision-making process.
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9.2
Management Information
Systems
Key Terms
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Management Information System (MIS)
Scheduled report
Demand report
Exception report
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Management Information
Systems (MIS)
 MIS: an information system
designed to provide routine
information to managers
and decision makers
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MIS Input and Output
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Reports, Reports, Reports
www.cognos.com/products/business_intelligence/reporting_sapbw/
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Reports
 Scheduled Reports are produced
periodically on a schedule; daily, weekly,
monthly, quarterly, annualy, ect.
 Demand Reports are developed to get
certain information at a person’s request.
 Exception Reports are automatically
produced when a situation is unusual or
requires action.
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9.3
Decision Support Systems
Key Terms
• Decision Support System
• What-if analysis
• Goal-seeking analysis
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Decision Support Systems
 A decision support system (DSS) is
an information system used to support
problem-specific decision making.
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What-if?
 What-if analysis
is the process of
making
hypothetical
changes to
problem data
and observing
the impact on the
results.
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What-if is used in projecting paths of hurricanes
Goal-seeking
 Goal-seeking analysis is the process of
determining what problem data is required
for a given result.
What must be done in order to safely
withdraw troops within a year?
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9.4
Group Decision Support
Systems
Key Terms
• Group decision support system (GDSS)
• Groupware
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Group Decision Support
Systems (GDSS)
 A GDSS or
computerized
collaborative work
system is
designed to
provide effective
support in group
decision-making
settings.
A GDSS is flexible, supports anonymous input, and reduces negative group dynamics
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Groupware
 GDSS software, called groupware, helps
with joint work group scheduling,
communication, and management.
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9.5
AI and Special-Purpose
Systems
Key Terms
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Robotics
Vision systems
Natural language processing
Learning systems
Neural network
Fuzzy logic
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Genetic algorithm
Intelligent agent
Expert system (ES)
Virtual reality
Geographic information system (GIS)
Game theory
An Overview of AI
 AI systems simulate human thought and
behavior.
www.cyc.com
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Interesting Statistics
 It has been estimated that
computers that can exhibit
humanlike intelligence –
including musical and
artistic aptitude, creativity,
the ability to move
physically through the
world, and emotional
responsiveness – require
processing power of 20
million billion calculations
per second (petaflops).
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Robotics
 Robotics involves
developing mechanical
or computer devices to
perform tasks that
require a high degree
of precision or are
tedious or hazardous
for humans.
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Other Forms of AI
 Vision systems permit computers to
capture store and interpret visual imaged
and pictures.
 Natural language processing, or speech
recognition, allows a computer to
understand and react to statements and
commands made in a natural language.
 Learning systems allow the computer to
change how it functions or reacts to
situations based on feedback it receives.
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Other Forms of AI
 A neural network is a computer system that can act
like or simulate the functioning of the human brain.
 Fuzzy logic allows computers to deal with
ambiguous criteria or probabilities and events that
are not mutually exclusive.
 A genetic algorithm is an approach to solving large,
complex problems where a number of algorithms or
models change and evolve until the best one
emerges.
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Other Forms of AI
 An intelligent agent consists of programs and a
knowledge base used to perform a specific task for a
person, a process, or another program.
 As expert system (ES) acts or behaves like a
human expert in a field or area.
Physicians rely on expert systems to
analyze complex medical data.
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Specialized Systems
 Virtual reality is a computer-simulated environment
or event.
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Specialized Systems
 A geographic
information system
(GIS) is capable of
storing, manipulating, and
displaying geographic or
spatial information
including maps of
locations or regions
around the world.
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Specialized Systems
 Game theory involves
developing strategies for people,
organizations, or even countries
that are competing against each
other.
 Informatics combines traditional
disciplines, like science and
medicine, with computer systems
and technology.
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Chapter 9 Questions?
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