15. MANAGING KNOWLEDGE
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Transcript 15. MANAGING KNOWLEDGE
Knowledge Management and
Specialized Information
Systems
Knowledge Management
Systems
Knowledge:
Awareness and understanding of a set of
information and the ways that information can be
made useful to support a specific task or reach a
decision
Knowledge management system (KMS):
Organized collection of people, procedures,
software, databases, and devices used to create,
store, share, and use the organization’s
knowledge and experience
Overview of Knowledge
Management Systems
KMS can involve different types of
knowledge
Explicit knowledge
Objective
Can be measured and documented in reports, papers,
and rules
Tacit knowledge
Hard to measure and document
Typically not objective or formalized
Overview of Systems
Data and Knowledge Management
Workers and Communities of Practice
Personnel involved in a KMS
include:
Data workers: secretaries,
administrative assistants,
bookkeepers, other dataentry personnel
Knowledge workers: people
who create, use, and
disseminate knowledge
Examples: professionals in
science, engineering, and
business; writers;
researchers; educators;
corporate designers
Chief knowledge officer (CKO):
top-level executive who helps the
organization use a KMS to
create, store, and use knowledge
to achieve organizational goals
Communities of practice (COP):
group of people dedicated to a
common discipline or practice,
such as open-source software,
auditing, medicine, or engineering
Excel at obtaining, storing,
sharing, and using knowledge
Obtaining, Storing, Sharing, and
Using Knowledge
Figure 7.3: Knowledge Management System
Technology to Support
Knowledge Management
Tools for capturing and
using knowledge include:
Data mining and business
intelligence
Enterprise resource planning
tools, such as SAP
Groupware
Examples of specific KM
products
IBM’s Lotus Notes, Domino
Microsoft’s Digital
Dashboard, Web Store
Technology, Access Workflow
Designer
An Overview of Artificial
Intelligence
Artificial intelligence (AI): ability of computers to
mimic or duplicate the functions of the human brain
AI-based computer systems have many applications
in different fields, such as:
Medical diagnoses
Exploration for natural resources
Determining what is wrong with mechanical devices
Assisting in designing and developing other computer
systems
Artificial Intelligence in Perspective
Artificial intelligence systems: people,
procedures, hardware, software, data, and
knowledge needed to develop computer
systems and machines that demonstrate the
characteristics of intelligence
Ray Kurzweil on “Explosive Growth”
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ovVIlxqAk8I
The Nature of Intelligence
Learn from experience and
apply knowledge acquired
from experience
Example: computerized AI
chess software
Handle complex situations
Solve problems when
important information is
missing
Determine what is
important
React quickly and correctly
to a new situation
Understand visual images
Perceptive system:
approximates the way humans
hear, see, or feel objects
Process and manipulate
symbols
On a limited basis with
machine-vision hardware and
software
Be creative and imaginative
Example: writing short
stories
Use heuristics
Obtaining good solutions
(rather than the optimal)
through approximation
The Difference Between Natural
and Artificial Intelligence
Table 7.2: A Comparison of Natural and Artificial
Intelligence
The Major Branches of
Artificial Intelligence
Expert Systems
Hardware and software that stores
knowledge and makes inferences, similar to a
human expert
Used in many business applications
Robotics
Mechanical or computer devices that
perform tasks requiring a high
degree of precision or that are
tedious or hazardous for humans
Contemporary robotics combines
high-precision machine capabilities
with sophisticated controlling
software
Many applications of robotics exist
today
Research into robots is continuing
Doing the dishes
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BE
AmIGciSMI
Vision Systems
Hardware and software that permit
computers to capture, store, and manipulate
visual images and pictures
Used by the U.S. Justice Department to
perform fingerprint analysis
Can be used in identifying people based on
facial features
Can be used with robots to give these
machines “sight”
Natural Language Processing
and Voice Recognition
Natural language
processing: allows the
computer to
understand and react
to statements and
commands made in a
“natural” language, such
as English
Voice recognition
involves converting
sound waves into words
Learning Systems
Combination of software and hardware that
allows the computer to change how it
functions or reacts to situations based on
feedback it receives
Learning systems software requires
feedback on the results of actions or
decisions
Feedback is used to alter what the system
will do in the future
Neural Networks
Computer system that can
simulate the functioning of a
human brain
Ability to retrieve information
even if some of the neural nodes
fail
Fast modification of stored data
as a result of new information
Ability to discover relationships
and trends in large databases
Ability to solve complex
problems for which all the
information is not present
WHAT IS A NEURAL
NETWORK?
A program that is constructed of multiple
artificial neurons which interact with one
another and "learn" a model used to take
intelligent action
Consists of three layers: Input, hidden, and output
Network learns by adjusting the interconnection
weights among the neurons
Trained on data and, after linkages adjust weights
to yield correct answers, used to predict.
HOW DOES A NEURAL
NETWORK FUNCTION?
Identify and include variables that the
designer believes will influence an outcome
Network is "trained" using multiple sets of
known input variables and associated
outcomes
Once trained, the network is presented with
new data
Some Neural Network Structures
SOME USES IN
BUSINESS:
Identifying fraudulent credit card use
Processing credit applications
Allocating airline seats
Rating bonds
Signature verification
Detecting explosives
Evaluating electrocardiograms
Detecting faulty paint finishes
WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS?
Capable of discerning relationships from
huge amounts of data and "learning" how
they influence outcomes
Capable of "learning on the fly"– model
changes as assumptions change and old
premises become invalid
WHAT ABOUT THE FUTURE?
Specialized neural network chips embedded in hardware
Existing databases will be downloaded into neural
networks – for data mining
May be merged with expert systems – e.g., expert
system could select -- neural network could monitor
IS specialists may need to be proficient in neural
network skills
Neural network applications may increase with greater
computing power
Large interconnected neural network applications will be
developed
Other Artificial Intelligence
Applications
Genetic algorithm: an approach to solving
large, complex problems in which a number of
related operations or models change and
evolve until the best one emerges
Intelligent agent: programs and a knowledge
base used to perform a specific task for a
person, a process, or another program
The MIT Media Lab has a number of ongoing
projects regarding software agents.
http://www.media.mit.edu/research/ResearchPubWeb.pl?ID=23
An Overview of Expert Systems
Like human experts, computerized expert
systems use heuristics, or rules of thumb, to
arrive at conclusions or make suggestions
Used in many fields for a variety of tasks,
such as:
Designing new products and systems
Developing innovative insurance products
Increasing the quality of healthcare
Determining credit limits for credit cards
Determining the best fertilizer mix to use on
certain soils
When to Use Expert Systems
Develop an expert system
if it can do any of the
following:
Provide a high potential
payoff or significantly reduce
downside risk
Capture and preserve
irreplaceable human
expertise
Solve a problem that is not
easily solved using traditional
programming techniques
Develop a system more
consistent than human
experts
Develop an expert system
if it can do any of the
following--
Provide expertise needed at a
number of locations at the
same time or in a hostile
environment that is
dangerous to human health
Provide expertise that is
expensive or rare
Develop a solution faster than
human experts can
Provide expertise needed for
training and development to
share the wisdom and
experience of human experts
with a large number of people
Components of Expert Systems
Figure 7.8: Components of an Expert System
Participants in Developing and Using Expert
Systems
Domain expert: individual or
group who has the expertise or
knowledge one is trying to
capture in the expert system
Knowledge engineer: individual
who has training or experience in
the design, development,
implementation, and maintenance
of an expert system
Knowledge user: individual or
group who uses and benefits
from the expert system
Applications of Expert Systems and
Artificial Intelligence
Credit granting and loan analysis
Stock picking
Catching cheats and terrorists
Gambling casinos
Budgeting
Prototype testing programs
Games
Crossword puzzles
Information management and
retrieval
Uses bots
AI and expert systems
embedded in products
Antilock braking system,
television
Plant layout and manufacturing
Hospitals and medical facilities
Probability of contracting
diseases, lab analysis, home
diagnosis, appointment
scheduling
Help desks and assistance
Employee performance evaluation
Virus detection
Uses neural network technology
Repair and maintenance
Telephone networks, aerospace
equipment
Shipping and marketing
Warehouse optimization
Restocking, location
Virtual Reality
Virtual reality system:
enables one or more users
to move and react in a
computer-simulated
environment
Immersive virtual reality:
user becomes fully
immersed in an artificial,
three-dimensional world
that is completely
generated by a computer
Experimental “gesture
technology”: may have
military applications
Medicine: anxiety
disorders, pain reduction
Education and training:
anatomy, history, military
training
Real estate marketing and
tourism: virtual
walkthroughs
Entertainment: CGI movies
and games