Transcript Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features

Chapter 4
Section 1 The History of Cell Biology
Objectives
• Name the scientists who first observed living and
nonliving cells.
• Summarize the research that led to the development
of the cell theory.
• State the three principles of the cell theory.
• Explain why the cell is considered to be the basic
unit of life.
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Chapter 4
Section 1 The History of Cell Biology
The Discovery of Cells
• All living things are made up
• A cell is the
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Chapter 4
Section 1 The History of Cell Biology
The Discovery of Cells, continued
• Hooke
– Robert Hooke discovered
• Leeuwenhoek
– Anton van Leeuwenhoek was
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Chapter 4
Section 1 The History of Cell Biology
The Cell Theory
• The cell theory states that
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Chapter 4
Section 1 The History of Cell Biology
The Cell Theory, continued
• Cellular Basis of Life
– All living things are made of
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Chapter 4
Section 2 Introduction to Cells
Objectives
• Explain the relationship between cell shape and cell
function.
• Identify the factor that limits cell size.
• Describe the three basic parts of a cell.
• Compare prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.
• Analyze the relationship among cells, tissues,
organs, organ systems, and organisms.
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Chapter 4
Section 2 Introduction to Cells
Cell Diversity
• Cell Shape
– A cell’s shape reflects its function.
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Chapter 4
Section 2 Introduction to Cells
Cell Diversity, Continued
• Cell Size
– Cell size is limited by a cell’s surface area–tovolume ratio.
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Chapter 4
Section 2 Introduction to Cells
Basic Parts of a Cell
• The three basic parts of a cell are
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Chapter 4
Section 2 Introduction to Cells
Basic Parts of a Cell, continued
• Plasma Membrane
– The cell’s outer boundary, called the
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Chapter 4
Section 2 Introduction to Cells
Basic Parts of a Cell, continued
• Cytoplasm
– The region of the cell that is
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Chapter 4
Section 2 Introduction to Cells
Basic Parts of a Cell, continued
• Nucleus
– The nucleus is a
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Chapter 4
Section 2 Introduction to Cells
Two Basic Types of Cells
• Prokaryotes
– Prokaryote cells
lack a
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Chapter 4
Section 2 Introduction to Cells
Two Basic Types of Cells, continued
• Eukaryotes
– Eukaryote cells have
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Chapter 4
Section 2 Introduction to Cells
Cellular Organization
• In multicellular eukaryotes,
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Chapter 4
Section 3 Cell Organelles
and Features
Objectives
• Describe the structure and function of a cell’s plasma
membrane.
• Summarize the role of the nucleus.
• List the major organelles found in the cytosol, and describe their
roles.
• Identify the characteristics of mitochondria.
• Describe the structure and function of the cytoskeleton.
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Chapter 4
Section 3 Cell Organelles
and Features
Plasma Membrane
• Membrane Lipids
– Cell membranes consist of
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Chapter 3
Section 3 Cell Organelles
and Features
Structure of
Lipid Bilayer
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Chapter 4
Section 3 Cell Organelles
and Features
Plasma Membrane, continued
• Membrane Proteins
– Cell membranes often
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Plasma Membrane, continued
- Cell surface markers –
- Receptor proteins and Transport proteins –
Extend across the membrane.
- Peripheral proteins –
- Some proteins exposed at the surface act as cell
surface markers for viruses and other cells to
recognize.
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Plasma Membrane, continued
- Integral proteins play important roles in
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Chapter 4
Section 3 Cell Organelles
and Features
Plasma Membrane, continued
• Fluid Mosaic Model
– The fluid mosaic model states that
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Chapter 4
Section 3 Cell Organelles
and Features
Nucleus
• The nucleus directs
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Chapter 4
Section 3 Cell Organelles
and Features
Nucleus of a Cell
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Chapter 4
Section 3 Cell Organelles
and Features
Nucleus, continued
• Nuclear Envelope
– The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane
called the
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Chapter 4
Section 3 Cell Organelles
and Features
Nucleus, continued
• Nucleolus
– The nucleolus is the place where
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Chapter 4
Section 3 Cell Organelles
and Features
Mitochondria
• Mitochondria
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Mitochondria
- Contain Cristae which are inner folds that carry out
the energy harvesting chemical reactions of cellular
respiration.
- Have their own
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Chapter 4
Section 3 Cell Organelles
and Features
Ribosomes
• Ribosomes are either
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Chapter 4
Section 3 Cell Organelles
and Features
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• The rough ER
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Chapter 4
Section 3 Cell Organelles
and Features
Endoplasmic Reticulum, continued
• The smooth ER
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Chapter 4
Section 3 Cell Organelles
and Features
Golgi Apparatus
• The Golgi apparatus
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Chapter 4
Section 3 Cell Organelles
and Features
Vesicles
• Vesicles, including
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Chapter 4
Section 3 Cell Organelles
and Features
Vesicles, continued
• Protein Synthesis
– The rough ER, Golgi apparatus, and vesicles
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Chapter 4
Section 3 Cell Organelles
and Features
Processing of Proteins
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Chapter 4
Section 3 Cell Organelles
and Features
Cytoskeleton
• The cytoskeleton is made of protein fibers that
• The cytoskeleton includes
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Chapter 4
Section 3 Cell Organelles
and Features
Cytoskeleton, continued
• Cilia and Flagella
– Cilia and flagella are hairlike structures that
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Chapter 4
Section 3 Cell Organelles
and Features
Cytoskeleton, continued
• Centrioles
– Centrioles consist of
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Chapter 4
Section 3 Cell Organelles
and Features
Cytoskeleton, continued
• Centrioles
– Centrioles consist of two short cylinders of
microtubules at right angles to each other and are
– Plants lack centrioles.
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Chapter 4
Section 4 Unique Features
of Plant Cells
Objectives
• List three structures that are present in plant cells but not in
animal cells.
• Compare the plasma membrane,the primary cell wall, and the
secondary cell wall.
• Explain the role of the central vacuole.
• Describe the roles of plastids in the life of a plant.
• Identify features that distinguish prokaryotes, eukaryotes,
plant cells, and animal cells.
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Chapter 4
Section 4 Unique Features
of Plant Cells
Plant Cells
• Plant cells have cell walls, central vacuoles, and
plastids.
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Chapter 4
Section 4 Unique Features
of Plant Cells
Cell Wall
• In plant cells, a rigid cell wall
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Chapter 4
Section 4 Unique Features
of Plant Cells
Central Vacuole
• Large central vacuoles
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Chapter 4
Section 4 Unique Features
of Plant Cells
Plastids
• Plastids store
• The chloroplast converts
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Chapter 4
Section 4 Unique Features
of Plant Cells
Comparing Cells
• Prokaryotes, animal cells, and plant cells can be
distinguished from each other by
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Chapter 4
Section 4 Unique Features
of Plant Cells
Comparing Plant and Animal Cells
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