Transcript CHAPTER 7: CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

CHAPTER 7:
CELL STRUCTURE
AND
FUNCTION
Chapter 7 – The Cell – IQ # 1
1. What century did the use of the microscope begin (p.
169)?
2. What does cell theory state? Summarize in your own
words (p. 170).
3. Define Prokaryote and Eukaryote, what are the example
organisms that are associated with each type (p. 173)?
7-1 Life Is Cellular
A. The Discovery of the Cell
1. Early Microscopes
• Robert Hooke- Used compound microscope
to look at a slice of cork
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek- Observed tiny living
things in pond water
2. The Cell Theory
• Mathias Schleiden- Concluded all plants are made of
cells
Stated all animals are made of
cells
Concluded new cells come from
• Rudolf Virchow- existing cells
• Theodor Schwann-
Cell Theory:
cells
•  All living things are composed of _____
•  Cells are the basic units of structure and
function in living things
Existing cells
•  New cells are produced from ____________
Where does the mold come from?
Exploring the Cell
B. Exploring the Cell
1. Electron Microscope (TEM & SEM)
-Specimen placed in a vacuum
http://www.mos.org/sln/sem/
Scanning Electron Microscope
Mosquito Head
Old, Used Mascara Brush
Exploring the Cell
B.
Exploring the Cell
1. Electron Microscope (TEM & SEM)
-Specimen placed in a vacuum
http://www.mos.org/sln/sem/
2. Scanning Probe Microscope
-1990 development of fine probe microscope
ordinary air
-operates in _______________
-can even show samples in solution
Microscopes
• The light microscope enables us to see the
overall shape and structure of a cell
Image seen by viewer
Eyepiece
Ocular
lens
Objective lens
Specimen
Condenser lens
Light source
Figure 4.1A
C. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
0.2 micrometers
• cells vary in size from _________________1000 micrometers
___________________
• Viruses are not cells
Prokaryotic cell
Eukaryotic cell
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Organelles
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Eukaryotic Cell vs. Prokaryotic cell
Prokaryotes
 pro=__________
before
 karyote= kernel
(nucleus)
 generally smaller
 less complicated
 Single Celled
 no
Membrane
bound
organelles
Kingdom
• Monera
- Eubacteria (Bacteria)
Common to Both
Eukaryotes
Bacteria Cells
Prokaryotes
 Pro= before
 karyote= kernel
(nucleus)
 generally smaller
 less complicated
 Single Celled
 no
Membrane
Bound
Organelles
Kingdom
• Monera
- Eubacteria (Bacteria)
Archaea
(catch all for single celled
organisms)
Common to Both
Eukaryotes
Archaea
Prokaryotes
 pro=__________
before
 karyote= kernel
(nucleus)
 generally smaller
 less complicated
 Single Celled
 no
Membrane
bound
organelles
Kingdom
• Monera
- Eubacteria (Bacteria)
Archaea
(catch all for single celled
organisms)
Common to Both
 contain

DNA
__________

 Cell

membrane

 Ribosomes
___________
Eukaryotes
true
Eu= ___________
Karyote=kernel
(nucleus)
Generally larger
Contain
membrane bound
organelles (“little
organs”)
 Ex:
Plants,
animals, fungi,
and protists
Fungi
Protists
Eukaryotic Cell vs. Prokaryotic cell
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotes
Cell membrane
Contain DNA
Ribosomes
Eukaryotes
Nucleus
Organelles:
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
Monday Night Homework
• Happy Halloween!!
IQ # 2 – 7.1 Review
• How do prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ? How are they
the same?
• What are the three parts of Cell Theory?
• Matching
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Plants
Archaea
Animals
Fungi
Bacteria
Protists
A. Prokaryotic
B. Eukaryotic
Announcements
• Make-Up Day
– TOMORROW – Wednesday Nov 2
– Lunch – Quizzes
• Josh H – Quiz 6
• Ryan C – Quiz 2
– After School or 6th Period – Exams
• Breanna R – Test # 4
• Extra Credit
– TOMORROW – Wednesday Nov 2
– Work on Sections 7.1-7.2 in Workbook
Microscope Lab
Microscopes
Image seen by viewer
Eyepiece
Ocular lens
Objective lens
Specimen
Condenser lens
Light source
Tuesday Night Homework
• Due November 2
– Section Assessment 7.1
• Pg. 173
• Questions 1-5
IQ # 3
1. What differences between Plant and Animal cells do you
see (p. 175)?
2. What is the structure of the nucleus? What is held inside
the nucleus (P. 176)?
3. What do Ribosomes do? Where can you find Ribosomes
(p. 177)?
4. What does the Endoplasmic Reticulum do? How many
types of E.R. are there? How do they differ in function (p.
177-178)?
5. What is the structure of the Golgi Apparatus? What are
its functions (p. 178)?
Agenda
• Review Prokaryotes v. Eukaryotes
– Khan Academy Video ~ 15 Minutes
– Bacteria – Intro to Bacteria
• Begin Cell Organelles Lecture
– Nucleus
– Ribosomes
– E.R.
– Golgi Apparatus
CA State Science Standards
1. The fundamental life processes of plants and animals depend on a variety of chemical
reactions that occur in specialized areas of the organism’s cells. As a basis for
understanding this concept:
E. Students know the role of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus in the secretion of
proteins.
F. Students know usable energy is captured from sunlight by chloroplasts and is stored through
the synthesis of sugar from carbon dioxide.
G. Students know the role of the mitochondria in making stored chemical-bond energy available
to cells by completing the breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide.
Bacteria – An Introduction
• Khan Academy
• http://www.khanacademy.org/video/bacteria
?playlist=Biology
• HANDOUT
Nucleus
• “Control Center for the Cell”
• Contains  DNA
• Nuclear Envelope
– 2 membranes
– Pores
• Chromatin or Chromosomes
• Nucleolus
– Ribosome Synthesis
NUCLEUS
Chromatin
Nucleolus
Two membranes
of nuclear
envelope
Pore
ROUGH
ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
Ribosomes
•
•
•
•
•
Ribosomes
“Producer of the Proteins”
Small pieces of RNA
Found throughout the cytoplasm
2 subunits
Free Ribosomes
– In Cystol (Cytoplasm)
– For use in the Cell
• Bound Ribosomes
– In Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
– For use in membranes, organelles, or export
Endoplasmic Reticulum - E.R.
•
•
•
•
“Maker of Exports”
Lipids for Cell Membrane created
Proteins and Other Materials Exported
Smooth E.R.
– Contain enzymes
– Detoxification (Lots of Smooth E.R. in Liver Cells)
• Rough E.R.
– Rough part is Ribosomes on surface of E.R.
– Portion involved in protein synthesis
SMOOTH ER
ROUGH
ER
Nuclear
envelope
Ribosomes
SMOOTH ER
Figure 4.9
ROUGH ER
Golgi Apparatus
• “Exporter”
• Stacks of sacks
• Golgi modifys, sorts, packages proteins (and
other material) from the E.R. for
– Storage
– Secretion
• In high density in cells that secrete a lot
– Salivary Glands
– Pancreas
Wenesday Night Homework
• Due November
– Section Assessment 7.2
• Pg. 181
• Questions 1-5
IQ # 4
1. Why does the nucleus have pores? What is the function of
Nucleolus? What does DNA look like if it is in the chromatin
state (Draw it)?
2. What does a Ribosome look like (DRAW IT)? What is its main
function? What is it made of?
3. Make a chart  What are the 2 types of E.R.? How do their
functions differ? How do they look different (Draw it)?
4. What does the Golgi Apparatus look like (Draw It!)? What
are its three main functions? What organelle do its materials
come from and where are they headed? (Draw the chain of
events)
Announcements
• Tomorrow is Friday  What does that mean?
QUIZ!!!
• Sections 7.1-7.2
– Organelles
– Difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
– Difference in plant and animal cells
Agenda
• IQ # 4
• Lecture  Cell Oranelles, Part 2
– Lysosomes
– Vacuoles
– Mitochondria
– Chloroplasts
– Cytoskeleton
• Cell City Analogy Activity
• Review of 7.1 and 7.2 Homework
Lysosomes
• “The Clean-Up Crew”
• Organelles filled with Enzymes
– Bud off of Golgi
• Digestion of lipids, carbohydrates, and
proteins into components
• Breakdown of old, dead organelles
– Keep cell healthy
• Found in high densities in White Blood Cells
• Lysosomes Fail - 
– Tay-Sac Disease
LYSOSOME
Nucleus
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
(containing inactive
hydrolytic enzymes)
Plasma
membrane
Golgi
apparatus
Engulfment
of particle
Lysosome
engulfing
damaged
organelle
“Food”
LYSOSOMES
Food
vacuole
Digestion
Vacuoles
• “The Storage Unit”
• Storage of
–
–
–
–
Water
Salts
Proteins
carbohydrates
• Typically very large in plant cells
– Create enough pressure so cells can structurally support
heavy items
• Some animals can actively pump water in and out
• Central in the cell
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
• “The power company”
• Energy harvesting Organelle
• Chloroplasts
– Only photosynthetic organisms
• Plants
• Photosynthetic Bacteria/ Algae
• Mitochondria
– ALL living cells
Mitochondria
• “The Converter”
• Convert chemical energy from food into usable
energy in the cell
• 2 Membranes
• Has own DNA and Ribosomes
– Acts mostly independently from cell
• Location for Cellular Respiration  ATP Production
• All your mitochondria are from your Mother!
MITOCHONDRION
Outer
membrane
Intermembrane
space
Inner
membrane
Cristae
Figure 4.16
Matrix
Chloroplasts
• “The Light Catcher”
• Capture sunlight and convert it into chemical
energy  Photosynthesis (Glucose Production)
• 2 Membranes
• Has own DNA
Chloroplast
Stroma
Inner and outer
membranes
Granum
Intermembrane
space
Cytoskeleton
• “The Steel of the Cell”
• Network of protein filaments
– Maintain shape in the cell
– Allow the cell to move
• Microfilaments
–
–
–
–
Thread like
Made of Actin
Extensive, forms tough flexible framework
Aid in movement (like an amoeba crawling)
• Microtubules
–
–
–
–
Hollow
Made of Tubulin
Important in cell division (spindle fibers)
Flagella or Cilia
The Cytoskeleton
Actin subunit
Tubulin
subunit
Fibrous subunits
25 nm
7 nm
MICROFILAMENT
Figure 4.17B
10 nm
INTERMEDIATE
FILAMENT
MICROTUBULE
Cell Wall
•
•
•
•
“The Armory”
Only found in Plant Cells
Adds strength to the cell
Keeps water pressure from exploding the cell
Cell Membrane
• Selectively Permeable
• 7.3 – Whole section on it.
7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure(chart)
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Section 7-2
Venn Diagrams
Cell membrane
Contain DNA
ribosomes
Animal Cells
Lysosomes
Plant Cells
Cell membrane
Ribosomes
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
Cell Wall
Chloroplasts
Central Vacuole
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
Nucleus
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Plant Cell
Ribosomes
Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
Golgi
apparatus
Microtubule
Not in
animal
cells
Central
vacuole
Intermediate
filament
Chloroplast
Microfilament
Cell wall
Mitochondrion
Peroxisome
Plasma membrane
Figure 4.5B
Cytoskeleton
Animal Cell
Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
Nucleus
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Flagellum
Not in most
plant cells
Lysosome
Centriole
Ribosomes
Peroxisome
Microtubule
Cytoskeleton
Intermediate
filament
Microfilament
Figure 4.5A
Golgi
apparatus
Plasma membrane
Mitochondrion
Animal Cell
Figure 4.5A
Plant Cell
Figure 4.5B
Chapter 7 – The Cell – IQ # 1
1. What century did the use of the microscope begin (p.
169)?
2. What does cell theory state? Summarize in your own
words (p. 170).
3. Define Prokaryote and Eukaryote, what are the example
organisms that are associated with each type (p. 173)?
IQ # 2 – 7.1 Review
• How do prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ? How are they
the same?
• What are the three parts of Cell Theory?
• Matching
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Plants
Archaea
Animals
Fungi
Bacteria
Protists
A. Prokaryotic
B. Eukaryotic
IQ # 3
1. What differences between Plant and Animal cells do you
see (p. 175)?
2. What is the structure of the nucleus? What is held inside
the nucleus (P. 176)?
3. What do Ribosomes do? Where can you find Ribosomes
(p. 177)?
4. What does the Endoplasmic Reticulum do? How many
types of E.R. are there? How do they differ in function (p.
177-178)?
5. What is the structure of the Golgi Apparatus? What are
its functions (p. 178)?
IQ # 4
1. Why does the nucleus have pores? What is the function of
Nucleolus? What does DNA look like if it is in the chromatin
state (Draw it)?
2. What does a Ribosome look like (DRAW IT)? What is its main
function? What is it made of?
3. Make a chart  What are the 2 types of E.R.? How do their
functions differ? How do they look different (Draw it)?
4. What does the Golgi Apparatus look like (Draw It!)? What
are its three main functions? What organelle do its materials
come from and where are they headed? (Draw the chain of
events)
7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure(chart)
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Section 7-2
Venn Diagrams
Cell membrane
Contain DNA
ribosomes
Animal Cells
Lysosomes
Plant Cells
Cell membrane
Ribosomes
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
Cell Wall
Chloroplasts
Central Vacuole
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
Thursday Night Homework
• Due November 4
– Cell City Analogy
• Complete the example given
• Create your own analogy
• Draw your own analogy!
– Be creative 
– QUIZ TOMORROW!!!
IQ # 5 – 7.3
1. What does the cell membrane do? What is it composed
of? What is the difference between Cell Membrane and
the Cell Wall? (p. 182-183)
2. What is diffusion? When does it stop? Does diffusion
require energy? (p. 184)
3. What is Osmosis? How does it differ from diffusion? What
are the three types of osmotic situation? (p. 185)
4. Define Facilitated Diffusion. Does it require energy? What
object in the cell membrane assists in facilitated diffusion?
Announcements
• Collect last weeks extra credit
• Tomorrow 
– Troy Central Tutoring
– Sections 7.3-7.4
• Grades are submitted, on ABI
• Test – Chapter 7 – Tuesday – November 15th
– Tentatively
Agenda
• Review Quiz
• Go over Yesterdays Lab
• Lecture 7.3
– Cell Membranes
– Diffusion
– Osmosis
7-3 Cell Boundaries
A. Cell Membrane
leaves the cell
• Regulates what ___________
and __________
enters
• Provides protection and support
• Composed of a ______________
lipid bilayer
CELL MEMBRANE “FLUID MOSAIC”
Outside
of cell
Carbohydrate
chains
Proteins
Cell
membrane
Inside
of cell
(cytoplasm)
Protein
channel
Lipid bilayer
“Phospholipids”
7-3 Cell Boundaries
A. Cell Membrane
leaves the cell
• Regulates what ___________
and __________
enters
• Provides protection and support
• Composed of a ______________
lipid bilayer
Protein molecules are embedded in the bilayer;
• __________________
form channels and pumps to move
material across the cell membrane.
CELL MEMBRANE “FLUID MOSAIC”
Outside
of cell
Carbohydrate
chains
Proteins
Cell
membrane
Inside
of cell
(cytoplasm)
Protein
channel
“transport”
Lipid bilayer
“Phospholipids”
7-3 Cell Boundaries
A. Cell Membrane
leaves the cell
• Regulates what ___________
and __________
enters
• Provides protection and support
• Composed of a ______________
lipid bilayer
Protein molecules are embedded in the bilayer;
• __________________
form channels and pumps to move
material across the cell membrane.
Carbohydrates are attached to some of the proteins;
• _________________
allows cells to __________
identify one another.
CELL MEMBRANE “FLUID MOSAIC”
Outside
of cell
Carbohydrate
chains
Proteins
“ID tags”
Cell
membrane
Inside
of cell
(cytoplasm)
Protein
channel
“transport”
Lipid bilayer
“Phospholipids”
Function of the Plasma Membrane
**Small, Nonpolar molecules easily pass through
the membrane: O2, CO2, Hormones, Steroids
vs.
**Large, Charged do not pass through easily and
must be helped in. These molecules would
include:
C6H12O6 , Proteins, and Ions
B. Cell Walls
• Found in plants, algae, fungi and
many prokaryotes
• Cell walls are porous enough to allow
water, oxygen, carbon dioxide easily
• Main function is to provide
support and protection for the cell
cellulose
• Plant cell walls made of __________
(carbohydrate fiber)
C. Diffusion Through Cell Boundaries
•All living cells exists in a liquid environment.
•Cell membranes regulate
the movement of molecules in and out of
the cell.
selectively permeable
•Cell membranes are _____________________
semipermeable
(aka: _______________)
•If substances can pass, then the cell
membrane = Permeable
•If substances cannot pass, then the cell
membrane= impermeable
1. Measuring Concentration
• Cytoplasm= Water and other substances
between the cell membrane and
the nucleus.
• Concentration= mass of solute/volume of
solution
4 g/L
• Example:12g salt/3L H2O=
60g salt/3L H2O=
20 g/L
5X more
concentrated
• Concentration gradient= unequal distribution
of particles
IQ # 6
1. What molecules can move easily through your cell
membrane? Which molecules cannot? (review
lecture notes from yesterday)
2. Draw the lipid bilayer (cell membrane) including
the phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. (p.
182).
3. Describe Figure 7-15. What is happening? What is
moving across the membrane. (p. 185)
4. What is the difference between hypertonic,
hypotonic, and isotonic? (p. 185)
Announcements
• Today – Extra Credit – Sections 7.3-7.4
– Pass back old EC worksheets
• Tomorrow – Quiz 
• Next Tuesday – Exam!
Agenda
• Diffusion Review
– Demonstration
• Osmosis
– Starch/ Glucose Demonstration
2. Diffusion
collide and spread out randomly in
• Particles constantly
solution
high concentration _____
to a ____
low concentration
• Particles move from a _____
(with the concentration gradient); process is known as _________
diffusion
• Diffusion continues until equilibrium is reached
• Equilibrium = When particles are evenly distributed in
solution
• Diffusion depends upon random particle movements, substances
energy
diffuse across membranes without
______ requiring the cell to use _______
• The movement of particles will continue to move
equally across the cell membrane to maintain
equilibrium.
D.
Osmosis
• H2O passes easily across most membranes
•  Osmosis = The diffusion of water through a
selectively permeable membrane
Before
Osmosis
Selectively
permeable
membrane
After
Osmosis
water
solute
Figure 7-15 Osmosis
1. How Osmosis Works
Section 7-3
Left Beaker:
left side (Highly concentrated)
• More sugar molecules on the ____
• Low concentration on the right side.
• The membrane is permeable to water but not sugar.
• Net movement of water from low concentration to high
concentration.
TYPES OF SOLUTIONS
Hypertonic Solution
“above strength”
High concentration of
Dissolved substances
In Solution
Isotonic Solution
“same strength”
Hypotonic Solution
“below strength”
Equal concentration of
dissolved substances
Low concentration of
dissolved substances
in solution
Cells in a hypertonic solution

In a hypertonic
solution, water
leaves a cell by
osmosis, causing
the cell to shrink.
H2O
H2O
Water Molecule
Dissolved Molecule
Cells in a hypotonic solution

In a hypotonic
solution, water
enters a cell by
osmosis, causing
the cell to swell.
H2O
H2O
Water Molecule
Dissolved Molecule
Cells in an isotonic solution

In an isotonic
solution, the
concentration of
dissolved substances
in the solution is the
same as the
concentration of
dissolved substances
inside the cell.
H 2O
H2O
Water Molecule
Dissolved Molecule
Isotonic
Hypotonic
Hypertonic
2. The effects of Osmosis on cells
Cells in a
hypertonic
solution
Cells in an
isotonic
solution
Cells in a
hypotonic
solution
E. Facilitated Diffusion
• Molecules, that cannot diffuse across the cell membrane’s
lipid bilayer on their own, can move
With the help of protein channels
Facilitated Diffusion
• Molecules stillmove
___________________
from high to low concentration
Section 7-3
Glucose
molecules
High
Concentration
Cell
Membrane
Low
Concentration
Protein
channel
F. Active Transport
• Movement of molecules against a concentration gradient
(from low to high)
• Requires energy
• Needs a transport protein or pump
Energy
Molecule
being carried
Molecule to
be carried
 Large molecules and clumps of material can be
taken into the cell by a process known as
___________.
endocytosis The two kinds of endocytosis are:
1. Phagocytosis= ‘Cell eating’
2. Pinocytosis= ‘cell drinking’
Exocytosis release of large amounts of material
 ___________=
Announcements
• Collect Extra Credit
• Exam on Wednesday
• Tomorrow:
– Play awesome review game
Agenda
•
•
•
•
Finish “Secrets of the Cell”
Go over Quiz
Finish Ch. 7 Lecture
Review Old HWs and IQs
Transport of Large Particles
• Endocytosis is a process by which a cell
surrounds and takes in material from its
environment.
Nucleus
Digestion
Exocytosis
Endocytosis
Wastes removal
1. interactive sites for cell membrane, diffusion, active, passive transport
Let’s Review:
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
1.Simple diffusion
(includes Osmosis)
*
No ATP
Hi-Lo
No protein
ACTIVE
TRANSPORT
2. Facilitated Diffusion
*
No ATP
* ATP required
Hi-Lo
Lo-Hi
Needs protein Needs Protein
7-4 The Diversity of Cellular Life
A. Unicellular Organisms (single celled)
outnumbermulticellular
• Unicellular organisms _________
organisms
• Examples: Yeast, algae, bacteria
B. Multicellular Organisms (many celled)
specialized to perform different tasks
• Cells become ___________
• Cells need to communicate and cooperate
C. Levels of Organization
•  The levels of organization in a multicellular organism are:
individual
CELLS
TISSUES
ORGANS
Section
Muscle cell
Smooth muscle
( ti ssue)
Stomach
(organ)
ORGAN
SYSTEMS
Digesti ve system
(organ system)
1. Tissues= Group of similar cells that perform a particular function
• Four types of tissue:
- muscle
- epithelial
- nervous
- connective
2. Organs= Groups of tissues
•
Ex. bicep muscle is made of muscle, connective, and nervous tissue
3. Organ Systems=
Group of organs that work together to
perform a specific function.
Homework
• Ch. 7 Review Sheet
Chapter 7 – The Cell – IQ # 1
1. What century did the use of the microscope begin (p.
169)?
2. What does cell theory state? Summarize in your own
words (p. 170).
3. Define Prokaryote and Eukaryote, what are the example
organisms that are associated with each type (p. 173)?
IQ # 2 – 7.1 Review
• How do prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ? How are they
the same?
• What are the three parts of Cell Theory?
• Matching
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Plants
Archaea
Animals
Fungi
Bacteria
Protists
A. Prokaryotic
B. Eukaryotic
IQ # 3
1. What differences between Plant and Animal cells do you
see (p. 175)?
2. What is the structure of the nucleus? What is held inside
the nucleus (P. 176)?
3. What do Ribosomes do? Where can you find Ribosomes
(p. 177)?
4. What does the Endoplasmic Reticulum do? How many
types of E.R. are there? How do they differ in function (p.
177-178)?
5. What is the structure of the Golgi Apparatus? What are
its functions (p. 178)?
IQ # 4
1. Why does the nucleus have pores? What is the function of
Nucleolus? What does DNA look like if it is in the chromatin
state (Draw it)?
2. What does a Ribosome look like (DRAW IT)? What is its main
function? What is it made of?
3. Make a chart  What are the 2 types of E.R.? How do their
functions differ? How do they look different (Draw it)?
4. What does the Golgi Apparatus look like (Draw It!)? What
are its three main functions? What organelle do its materials
come from and where are they headed? (Draw the chain of
events)
IQ # 5 – 7.3
1. What does the cell membrane do? What is it composed
of? What is the difference between Cell Membrane and
the Cell Wall? (p. 182-183)
2. What is diffusion? When does it stop? Does diffusion
require energy? (p. 184)
3. What is Osmosis? How does it differ from diffusion? What
are the three types of osmotic situation? (p. 185)
4. Define Facilitated Diffusion. Does it require energy? What
object in the cell membrane assists in facilitated diffusion?
IQ # 6
1. What molecules can move easily through your cell
membrane? Which molecules cannot? (review
lecture notes from yesterday)
2. Draw the lipid bilayer (cell membrane) including
the phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. (p.
182).
3. Describe Figure 7-15. What is happening? What is
moving across the membrane. (p. 185)
4. What is the difference between hypertonic,
hypotonic, and isotonic? (p. 185)
IQ # 7 – Section 7.4
1. What is the difference between unicellular
organisms and multicellular organisms? (p. 190)
2. Describe Cell Specialization. What are 3 examples
of specialized animal cells? What are 2 examples of
specialized plant cells? (p. 191-192)
3. What does a histotechnologist do? (p. 192)
4. What are the three levels of organization
discussed? Name an example for each level. (p.
192-193)