Transcript Block 3 Organelles - HachtmanBiology

Vacuole
• Vacuoles Remove waists, Store Fluids, Store Food,
Help Keep the pH Acidic in the cell, and confine
harmful entities
• Vacuoles are much larger in plant cells than animal
cells
• A Vacuole is like an attic, because it can be used to
store things, which could possibly be dangerous.
• Vacuoles are in all plant cells, and most animal cells
Peroxisome
• Peroxisomes are organelles
that resemble Lysosome and
are most commonly found in
eukaryotic cells
• Function: To rid the body of
toxic substances like
hydrogen peroxide, or other
metabolites
*Peroxisomes are like
exorcisms. They get rid of the
unwanted.*
Carly Villano
Cell membrane
• All cells have a cell membrane
Function
• Forms a barrier between the inside of the cell and
outside, so chemical environment on the two sides can
be different
• Controls what enters and leaves the cell
Composition
• proteins and phospholipids make up most of the cell
membrane
Analogy
• Cell membrane is like prison walls
http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/bio99/bio99393.htm
http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_membrane.html
Lysosomes
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FUNCTION: The cell’s digestive and garbage disposal system.
– Degrades material from outside the cell as well as parts of the
cell that are no longer in use.
– Breaks down waste in the cell
Contain 50 different enzymes that break down proteins using
hydrolysis.
They are only found in eukaryotic
cells.
•
ANALOGY: A lysosome is like a
trash can for a cell. It disposes
materials that are useless or
dangerous.
Austin Ruggiero
Function: Ribosomes turn RNA
into protein for the cell. They make the
protein following instructions that come
from the nucleus.
Both animal cells and plant cells contain ribosomes.
Ribosomes are sometimes found in the cytoplasm but
others are connected to the endoplasmic reticulum.
Analogy- Ribosomes are like people working in an
assembly line because they take the product they get
(RNA), turn it into something else (protein),
By: Chris Pellegrino
and pass it on.
http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/zoology/animalph
ysiology/anatomy/animalcellstructure/Ribosomes/Ribosomes.ht
m
Powerhouse of the cell
•Provides the cell with the energy to divide, move,
contract, etc.
Site of cellular respiration- generates fuel for the cell
•Also involved in cell division, growth, and death
•Has two membranes- the inner membrane is folded
The mitochondria is
like the gasoline in a
car because it
powers the cell.
•Found in eukaryotic cells
Suspected origin: Endosymbiotic Theory
•An aerobic bacteria was ingested by an anaerobic
bacteria. They had survival advantages if they
continued partnership. The aerobic provided energy
and the anaerobic provided protection. This
developed into an organelle with a doublemembrane
http://0.tqn.com/d/biology/1/0/W/X/mitochondr
ion.png
Cilia
Functions:
Small Whip-like structures used for
Registering or directing flow in the
surrounding liquid – movement of the
cell
Cells with Cilia:
Eukaryotes (essential in single cell organisms)
Lines the respiratory tract in humans
Animal cells
Cilia is like a person crowd surfing because the peoples’
hands are like the cilia helping to move the cell along.
Nuclear Envelope
 Double-membrane layer that surrounds
and protects the nucleus of a cell
 allows materials to move in and out of
the nucleus
 dotted with thousands of nuclear pores
 Located in both animal and plant cells
 Only in organisms that are
eukaryotic because they have a nucleus
Analogy: A nuclear envelope is like a set
of parents (double-membrane) because
parents watch over and protect their
families, or in this case the nucleus.
http://faculty.weber.edu/nokazaki/Human_Physiology/Class%20no
tes/cell_files/image003.jpg
What Prokaryotic cells lack and contain
Prokaryotic cells lack a membranebound nucleus, but it has a cell
membrane and cytoplasm.
Prokaryotic cell are contained
by…
-all bacteria’s
Characteristics of Prokaryotes cells
-Prokaryotic cell’s are generally small and
simpler than Eukaryotic cells.
-Prokaryotic cells can glide along surfaces
and swim through liquids.
-Genetic information is in a circular loop
called plasmid.
-They enjoy a diverse array of metabolic
functions for their metabolism.
-The cell grows and responds to changes in
the environment.
Prokaryotic features three major shapes
1) rod shaped
2) spherical
3) spiral
Functions
Since prokaryotic cells are contained by all bacteria’s, the
function of a prokaryotic cell would be the functions of
bacteria. Bacteria perform many important functions on the
earth such as being decomposers, agents of fermentation and
they play an important part in humans digestive system. In
addition bacteria is Involved in many nutrient cycles.
Analogy
1)Prokaryotic cells are like food, they play an important
part in humans digestive systems.
2)Prokaryotic cells are like a doe, does don’t contain antlers
like bucks, while prokaryotic cells do not contain a nucleus
like Eukaryotic.
Examples of Prokaryotic cells and
their functions…
1) Escherichia Choli
--live in intestines
2) Staphylococcus Aureus
--can cause skin
infections
CHLOROPLAST
Where does it come from?
• Chloroplast was once a separate microorganisms
• Has then became a part of eukaryotic cells
through symbiosis.
Function in a cell
•Chloroplast plays the role of producing and
giving off the chlorophyll needed to give the
plant its green color. Also the Chloroplast is
where photosynthesis occurs.
Where is it found?
• You find chloroplast in plants.
Cellular Process
•PHOTOSYNTHESIS
How many membranes?
•Contains 2 main cell membranes of the
inner membrane and outer membrane
that make up the Chloroplast envelope.
ANALOGY
•The Chloroplast is like a paint brush it adds and controls the color
of a plant.
By Tanner Brescancine Mr. Hachtman Bio 3/9/11
Chromosomes
• A chromosome’s
function is to control all
the activities in the cell
and to hold genes.
• Also, they have a big
part in cell division.
• Chromosomes are
Chromosomes are like the
found in all cells, both principal of a school
plant and animal.
because they control the
activities in a cell and they
<http://www.science3point0.com/genegeek/files
hold your records or
/2010/11/chromosome.jpg>
<http://www.buzzle.com/articles/chromosomesgenes.
function.html>
Centriole by Corrin Dylnicki
•
Works when its time for the cell to
divide
•
– Helps with mitosis and meiosis
– Rests during interphase
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Located near the nucleus, but
invisible during cell division
Every animal cell contains two small
centrioles
Each centriole is made of nine
bundles of microtubules in a ring
Analogy: A centriole is like a closet
organizer. A closet organizer
organizes a closet and centrioles
organize cell division
–
There is some evidence that
centrioles evolved from
endosymbiotic organisms that
propagate by division
– This argument was fueled by the
erroneous belief that centrioles
possessed DNA
– They do however have RNA which
leaves the question still open
•
A counter argument states that they
come from blepharoplasts which are
identical in structure
– This is negated by some cells that
create sperm
•
http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_centriole.html
Only eukaryotes have centrioles but
Oocytes, certain rodents, flies and
plants do not have centrioles.
Golgi Body
• Functions: Packages and ships items out of the cell
• Analogy: Golgi bodies are like shipping companies, they sort packages and
add addresses to make sure it goes to the right location in the body.
• Looks like pancakes stacked on top of each other
Chromoplasts
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A pigmented plastid found in certain
plant cells.
Chromoplasts that contain
carotenoid pigments impart the red,
orange, or yellow colors to various
fruit (e.g., tomato fruits), roots (e.g.,
carrot roots), and petals.
They, like all other plastids, are
organelles found in specific
photosynthetic eukaryotic species.
Chromoplasts are like hair dye
because they give color to the plants.
Nucleus
by: Kylie Gruppo
o The nucleus controls the
present enzymes in order
to regulate all the cell’s
activity.
o Genetic material chemically
directs cell activity
o Usually in the form of long
strands of chromatin made of
DNA and affiliated proteins
o Found in eukaryotic cells
o Analogy: the nucleus is like a
brain because it controls
everything in the cell just as
the brain controls everything
in the human body
o Surrounded by: nuclear
envelope consisting of two
bilayer membranes
http://www.ibiblio.org/virtualcell/textbook/chapter3/nucf.htm
http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio104/cells.htm?WhatPart=nucleus
http://wikids-life.wikispaces.com/file/view/nucleus.jpg/160451259/nucleus.jpg
Flagella
• Long thread like appendages
• Provide all live single cells with movement
• Flagella are like tails, or the wheels on a car.
The wheels give the car the ability to move.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Transports
carbohydrates and
lipids to the cell
membrane
• Analogy: like a highway.
Cars move from one
place to the other
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Transports proteins to
the cell membrane
• Analogy: a water slide
cause it gets you from
the top to the bottom
Cell Wall
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Definition: A rigid layer of
polysaccharides enclosing the
membrane.
Found in plant and prokaryotic cells.
Main function is to maintain the
shape of the cell.
It provides support and protection for
the plant cell
It also prevents the cell membrane
from bursting in a hypotonic medium,
which means it helps resist water
pressure
Analogy: A cell wall is like a skeleton,
it keeps the shape of the body.
url: www.google.com/images
By:KaylaJo McDanolds
Leucoplasts
• Only found in plant cells
• They lack a pigment and are
smaller than chloroplasts.
• Functions:
– used for storage of starches,
lipids, and protein
– Helps with biosynthetic
functions
• Contained by eukaryotic
cells
• A leucoplast is like a zip-lock
baggie. It has no pigment
and is used for storage.
Eukaryotes
These cells contain a nucleus.
In addition, they also contain a cell membrane, a cytoplasm, and organelles.
Although some live as single-celled organisms, a majority of them are multicellular organisms.
The opposite of this cell is a prokaryote, which does not have a nucleus.
All plants, animals, fungi, and
many microorganisms are
eukaryotes.
Eukaryotic Cell
Eukaryotic and
Prokaryotic Cells are
like a circle and a
square. They are
both shapes, but only
one has edges, the
square (Eukaryotic
Cell).
Cytoskeleton
- This is present in all cells.
- Structures such as flagella, cilia and lamellipodia
and plays important roles in both intracellular
transport and cellular division.
- A cytoskeleton is like the parental chaperone at
a 1st grade trip because it controls the transport
and the separation of cells.
Devin Mackay
Cytoplasm
• The cytoplasm is the jelly-
like substance that is within
the cell membrane but
excludes the nucleus
• Protects the innards of the cell
• Cytoplasm is found in
prokaryotic and eukaryotic
cells
• Analogy: Cytoplasm is like a
helmet, it protects the important
parts of the cell, just like the
helmet protects the important
parts of your head