Transcript Ch01_Lecture_Outline - Saint Leo University Faculty

Chapter 1 Lecture
Conceptual
Integrated Science
Second Edition
About Science
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
This lecture will help you understand:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
A Brief History of Advances in Science
Mathematics and Conceptual Integrated Science
The Scientific Method—A Classic Tool
The Scientific Hypothesis
The Scientific Experiment
Facts, Theories, and Laws
Science Has Limitations
Science, Art, and Religion
Technology—The Practical Use of Science
The Natural Sciences: Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Earth
Science, and Astronomy
• Integrated Science
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
A Brief History of Advances in Science
• The beginnings of science go back thousands of
years to a cause-and-effect way of looking at the
world.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
A Brief History of Advances in Science
• Forward steps in the history of science, as
highlighted in the text, occurred in
– Greece
– Italy
– China
– Polynesia
– Arab nations
– Poland
– Germany
… and many other parts of the world.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
A Brief History of Advances in Science
• During the Dark Ages in Europe,
– previous scientific knowledge was lost as religion
became established.
• During the 10th through 12th centuries,
– Islamic people brought books into Spain that had
been banned by the church.
– universities emerged.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
A Brief History of Advances in Science
• Advances during the 15th century:
– Invention of Gutenberg's printing press
– Experiments of Galileo
– Arrival of the Renaissance period, which
provided a foothold for the advance of science
and rational thinking
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Mathematics and Conceptual Integrated
Science
• Mathematics
– is an important tool in science.
– makes use of equations, which are shorthand
notations for the relationships between
scientific concepts.
– abbreviates a relationship that can be stated
in words.
– makes common sense.
– uses equations to guide your thinking.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Mathematics and Conceptual Integrated
Science
• Example:
– Concept—When you stretch a spring, your pull
is proportional to the stretch.
– Proportion—expressed as F ~ ,
where F is your pulling force, and
x is the distance the spring stretches
• Proportions and equations tell you:
– If one thing changes a certain way, another will
change correspondingly.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Scientific Method—A Classic Tool
• Scientific method
– Outlined in Section 1.3—NOT to be
memorized
– One of the ways good science is performed
• More important than a particular method is:
– Attitude of inquiry
– Experimentation
– Willingness to accept findings, even those
that are not desired
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Scientific Hypothesis
• Principle of falsifiability:
– For a hypothesis to be considered scientific, it
must be testable—it must, in principle, be
capable of being proved wrong.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Scientific Hypothesis
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
Which of these statements is a scientific
hypothesis?
A.
B.
C.
D.
The Moon is made of green cheese.
Atomic nuclei are the smallest particles in nature.
A magnet will pick up a copper penny.
Cosmic rays cannot penetrate the thickness of your
Conceptual Integrated Science textbook.
Explain your answer to your neighbor.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Scientific Hypothesis
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
Which of these statements is a scientific hypothesis?
A.
B.
C.
D.
The Moon is made of green cheese.
Atomic nuclei are the smallest particles in nature.
A magnet will pick up a copper penny.
Cosmic rays cannot penetrate the thickness of your
Conceptual Integrated Science textbook.
Explanation:
All the statements are scientific hypotheses! All the choices
not only have tests for proving wrongness but have been
proved wrong. Nevertheless, they still pass the test of being a
scientific hypothesis.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Scientific Hypothesis
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
Which of these statements is not a scientific
hypothesis?
A. Protons carry an electric charge.
B. Undetectable particles are some of nature's secrets.
C. Charged particles will bend when moving in a magnetic
field.
D. All are scientific hypotheses.
Explain your answer to your neighbor.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Scientific Hypothesis
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
Which of these statements is not a scientific hypothesis?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Protons carry an electric charge.
Undetectable particles are some of nature's secrets.
Charged particles will bend when moving in a magnetic field.
All are scientific hypotheses.
Explanation:
If protons didn't carry electric charge, they wouldn't be deflected when
crossing a magnetic field. This would be a test for showing the hypothesis
wrong. So both A and C are capable of being proved wrong, which makes
them scientific. Statement B, however, has no test for wrongness. It is
reasonable speculation—but not a scientific hypothesis.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Scientific Experiment
• Rather than philosophize about nature, Galileo
went an important step further—he experimented!
• "The test of all knowledge is experiment.
Experiment is the sole judge of scientific truth."
Richard Feynman
• "No number of experiments can prove me right;
a single experiment can prove me wrong."
Albert Einstein
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Facts, Theories, and Laws
• Fact: a phenomenon about which competent
observers can agree
• Theory: a synthesis of a large body of
information that encompasses well-tested
hypotheses about certain aspects of the natural
world
• Law: a general hypothesis or statement about
the relationship of natural quantities that has
been tested over and over again and has not
been contradicted—also known as a principle
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Facts, Theories, and Laws
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
Which of these often changes over time with
further study?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Facts
Theories
Both facts and theories
Neither facts nor theories
Explain your answer to your neighbor.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Facts, Theories, and Laws
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
Which of these often changes over time with further study?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Facts
Theories
Both facts and theories
Neither facts nor theories
Explanation:
Both facts and theories can change. Is this a weakness or strength of
science? For example, if everything a child holdstrue is unchanged
when that child grows up, with years of study, even receiving advanced
degrees, then either nothing was learned or the child was unusually
gifted from the start—or was part of a closed system. As we learn new
information, we refine our ideas. Likewise with the fields of science.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Facts, Theories, and Laws
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
A person who says "That's only a theory" likely
doesn't know that a scientific theory is a
A.
B.
C.
D.
guess.
number of facts.
hypothesis of sorts.
vast synthesis of well-tested hypotheses and fact
Explain your answer to your neighbor.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Facts, Theories, and Laws
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
A person who says "That's only a theory" likely doesn't know
that a scientific theory is a
A.
B.
C.
D.
guess.
number of facts.
hypothesis of sorts.
vast synthesis of well-tested hypotheses and facts.
Explanation:
Theory in everyday speech is very different from its use in science. A
vast and verifiable body of knowledge isn't only a theory; if it passes all
its tests, it is elevated to that status! Newton's theory of gravity and
Einstein's theory of relativity, for example, are not idle hypotheses—both
are supported by innumerable experiments. They are more than only
theories.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Science Has Limitations
• The domain of science
– is in natural phenomena.
– does not deal with the "supernatural,"
– a domain "above science."
• Claims to supernatural phenomena, true or
otherwise, lie outside the domain of science.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Science Has Limitations
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
A major difference between pseudoscience and
science is that pseudoscience
A.
B.
C.
D.
makes no predictions.
doesn't use scientific terminology.
has no tests for wrongness.
all of the above
Explain your answer to your neighbor.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Science Has Limitations
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
A major difference between pseudoscience and science is
that pseudoscience
A.
B.
C.
D.
makes no predictions.
doesn't use scientific terminology.
has no tests for wrongness.
all of the above
Explanation:
Some forms of pseudoscience, often called "junk science," do
make predictions, and many use scientific terminology to pose
as science (magnetic healing, energy-producing machines that
require no fuel, and so forth). Only science has tests for
wrongness.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Science, Art, and Religion
• Science asks how.
• Religion asks why.
• Art bridges the two.
• When science and religion address their
respective domains, conflict between the two is
minimized or absent.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Technology—The Practical Use of Science
• Technology
– is an important tool of science.
– is sometimes the fruit of science, as in
medicine that cures disease.
– is a human endeavor.
– can be used to elevate or to diminish the
human condition.
• Shouldn't its potential be to elevate?
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Natural Sciences: Physics, Chemistry,
Biology, Earth Science, and Astronomy
• Natural philosophy
– was at one time the study of unanswered
questions about nature.
– became science as answers were found.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Natural Sciences: Physics, Chemistry,
Biology, Earth Science, and Astronomy
• Physics is the study of basic concepts,such as motion,
force, energy, matter, heat, sound, light, electricity, and
magnetism.
• Chemistry builds on physics and studies how matter is
put together to produce the growing list of materials and
medicines that we use in our everyday lives.
• Biology, built on chemistry, is the study of life—the most
complex of the sciences.
• Earth science is the study of geology, meteorology, and
oceanography.
• Astronomy is the study of nature beyond the confines of
planet Earth' the far-out science.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Integrated Science
• The fields of science
– overlap.
– merge into one another, such as biophysics,
biochemistry, geophysics, astrophysics, and
bioastrophysics.
– are acknowledged to present a cohesive
study of the natural world.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Integrated Science
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
Although physics may be the most difficult science
course in certain schools, when compared with the
fields of chemistry, biology, Earth science, and
astronomy, it is
A.
B.
C.
D.
the simplest.
still the hardest!
the central science, in between chemistry and biology.
simple enough, but only for especially intelligent people.
Explain your answer to your neighbor.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Integrated Science
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
Although physics may be the most difficult science course in certain
schools, when compared with the fields of chemistry, biology, Earth
science, and astronomy, it is
A.
B.
C.
D.
the simplest.
still the hardest!
the central science, in between chemistry and biology.
simple enough, but only for especially intelligent people.
Explanation:
Just compare the list of terms in the physics chapters of this book with
the lists in the chapters beyond physics chapters. Which lists are
shortest? Chemistry and especially biology are enormously more
complex than physics. Physics is much more understood than the other
fields—which is why this book begins with physics, a foundation for
chemistry, biology, Earth science, and astronomy.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.