Transcript Nerve activates contraction

Cellular Respiration
The Cell
 Microtubules
 Microfilaments
 Microvilli
 Cilia
 Stereocilia
 Flagella
Function?
 Cilia
and flagella
movement:
• 9 + 2 microtubule
arrangement
 Centrioles: used
cell division
in
The Cell
 Ribosomes: used
in protein assembly:
• Free and membrane bound
 Endoplasmic
reticulum (ER): packages the
proteins:
• Smooth ER: no ribosomes, lipid synthesis
• Rough ER: has ribosomes, protein manufacture
Protein Synthesis
Stores Calcium
 Function:
Transfer of messages from DNA
 Fixed to ER or free in cytoplasm
RER: Protein synthesis,
storage, modification &
transport vesicles
SER: Synthesis and
conversion of FA, steroids,
and lipids
In muscle: Ca2+ storage

Receives substances from ER, refines and packages
them
TEM
“Post office” of cell
• Modification (labeling) of proteins
• Packaging into secretory (to ECF) or storage
vesicles
Vesicles: storage, secretory membrane-bound spheres
 Examples: secretory, endocytic, peroxisomes,
lysosomes

Digestion (~ 50
enzymes) of
bacteria and old
Organelles
“Garbage Can of the
Cell”
Smaller than
Lysosomes Different set of
enzymes
Major function: Degradation of long chain Fatty Acids
Generate hydrogen peroxide  contain catalase


Double membrane:
inner membrane
contains enzymes that
break down foods
Liberated energy used
to create ATP
 Fat: triglycerides, long-term
animals
 Glycogen: short-term
energy storage in
energy storage in
animals, carbohydrate storage

Definition = “All chemical reactions that take
place within an organism.”

Metabolic pathways = network of linked reactions
 Anabolism: requires
enzymes:
• Making/assembling large molecules
• May require energy (ATP)
• Used in building up cell components
• Used in storing energy
 Catabolism: requires
enzymes:
• Breakdown of molecules
• May release energy
• Used in breaking down nutrients/recycling cell
components
• Used to access energy storage

Glucose provides
energy for the cell



Glycolysis: in cytoplasm:
• Split glucose
• Produce two ATP and two pyruvate molecules
Krebs cycle: in mitochondria:
• Extract high-energy electrons
• Produce two ATP and carbon dioxide
Electron transport system: in mitochondria:
• Energy from electrons used to produce ATP
• Produce water and carbon dioxide
Anaerobic catabolism: Pyruvate
Lactate
Aerobic catabolism: Pyruvate
Citric Acid Cycle
 On
the inner membrane of the
mitochondria
• Protein complexes including enzymes and iron-
containing proteins called cytochromes
 Chemiosmotic
Theory
• Movement of electrons through the etc to produce
ATP
 Fats: triglycerides
carbohydrates
 Proteins: same
have twice the energy of
energy as carbohydrates
 Functions:
• Contains the genetic information of the cell
• Controls the cell
 Structural
features:
• Double-layered nuclear membrane
• Nuclear pores
• Chromosomes/chromatin
• Nucleolus

Control Center

Nuclear envelope with nuclear
pore complexes for diffusion
and active transport

Chromatin (DNA and
proteins)

DNA forms genes

One or more nucleoli