Transcript File

Animal Organism Notes
Zoology/Animal Science
Cells
1.
2.
3.
4.
Cells are the fundamental unit of life
Specific separate mass of living
material that is surrounded by a semipermeable membrane
All organisms are composed of one or
more cells except viruses
Cells contain structures which are
differentiated and independent
A. Environmental Interactions
1.
2.
Cells in organisms effect and
interact with each other
Cells and organisms react and
interact with their environment
B. Genes
1.
2.
3.
4.
All organisms pass on function and
structure to their offspring
The combination of gene
characteristics is variable
The DNA contains the genetic code in
a linear arrangement
The RNA is the means of replicating
and passing on genetic code
C. Life
Life comes from life
2. Reproduction is required for life
continuation
1.
D. Physical and Chemical
Reactions
1.
2.
3.
Physical and chemical laws are obeyed
by living creatures
All living organisms use common
molecular, biological and chemical
reaction means
All living organisms must capture,
store, and release energy to sustain
life.
E. Changing Organisms
1.
2.
3.
All organisms come from preexisting organisms
Natural selection is responsible for
organism adaptations and
evolutions
Organisms adapt to their habitat
through selection from
environmental pressures
G. Development
1.
2.
All organisms exhibit
characteristics of cell enlargement
or division or both
All organisms develop a
characteristic body plan.
H. Basic Cell Theory
1.
2.
3.
4.
All living things are composed of cells
Cells are alike in their structure and
composition
Cells carry out similar functions that
keep them alive
All cells come from other cells
I.
1.
2.
3.
How Cells Differ
Size
Shape
Organization
VI. Cell Structure
A. Outer Cell Boundary
1.
2.
Cell wall
plants, algae, bacteria
provides cell structure
made up of cellulose
human cannot digest this
Cell membrane
ALL cells have one
lipids
B. Nucleus
1.
2.
3.
4.
Cell brain
prokaryote has no
nucleus
eukaryote does
Surrounded by nuclear
envelope
Nucleolus - ribosomes
made here for protein
production
Chromosomes genetic format of an
organism
C. Cytoplasm
1.
2.
Area between nucleus and cell
membrane
Blood of the cell
VII. Cell Organelles
The structures in a cell that perform
a special function.
A. Endoplasmic Reticulum
1.
2.
Cell skeleton
Serves as transport network and
storage area for substances within the
cell
B. Ribosomes
Manufactures cell proteins
 Can be free floating or attached to the
Endoplasmic reticulum

C. Golgi Apparatus “Mail Man”
1.
2.
3.
Protein packager
Made of RNA and
protein
Distributes
molecules made in
one area of the cell
and used in
another
D. Lysosome “Garbage Man”
1.
2.
3.
Clean up crew
Break down food and foreign materials
Remove waste materials from the cell
E. Mitochondrion “Power Plant”
1.
2.
3.
Serves as a
powerhouse for
cell, releases body
heat and energy
Produces ATP in
which energy for
cell activities is
stored
Cell powerhouse in
all cells
F. Chloroplast “Plant Powerhouse”
1.
2.
Powerhouse in plant cells
Trap suns energy and convert it into
chemical energy
G. Vacuole
1.
2.
Supports cell wall of plants through
internal pressure
Digests food materials and remove
waste and store substances
VIII. Comparing Plant and
Animal Cells
A. Plant Cells
1.
Cell wall
a. Made of cellulose
b. Gives support and shape
2.
Plastids
a. Store starches, lipids and
pigments
3.
Chromoplasts
a. Manufacture and store
pigments
b. Give fruits and vegetables
bright color
4.
Cholorplasts
a. Contain green chlorophyll
pigment
b. Site of photosynthesis
B. Animal Cells
Microtubules give
cell its shape
2. Centrioles
1.
a)
b)
Located near
nucleus
Function in cell
division and
reproduction
IX. Cell Specialization
Cells designed to perform a specific
function within the organism.
A. Blood Cells
1.
2.
3.
RBC contain hemoglobin to
carry oxygen and carbon
dioxide through the blood
stream
WBC - important in body
defense
a) Phagocytic leukocytes
flow to the infection
site and engulf the
bacteria
b) Lymphocytes attack
foreign cells
Platelets - important in blood
clotting
B. Nerve Cells

Carry messages and
direction throughout
the nervous system
C. Muscle Cells
1.
2.
3.
Striated - Skeletal or
voluntary muscles
Smooth - Involuntary
muscle cells found in
the walls of digestive
tract, blood vessels,
urinary organs, and
reproductive organs
Cardiac -conduct
impulses within the
heart
D. Bone Cells

make up most of the
skeleton in
vertebrate animals
E. Gametes (sex cells)
Sperm – male
reproductive cell
(gamete)
2. Ovum (egg) –
female reproductive
cell (gamete)
1.
X. Levels of Organization
A. Cells
B. Tissue

1.
2.
3.
4.
similar cells
grouped together
to perform a
specific function
Muscle
Epithelial
Nerve
Connective
C. Organ

a groups of tissues
working together to
perform a specific
function
D. System

a group of organs
working together to
complete a specific task

Examples: Skeletal,
Digestive, Respiratory,
Circulatory, Excretory,
Lymphatic, Nervous,
Integumentary,
Reproductive
E. Life Processes
Getting and using
food.
 Movement
 Circulation
 Respiration
 Growth and
Repair

Secretion
 Sensation
 Reproduction

E. Organism
1.
Total of all organ
systems make up
the whole entity
I. Classification of Organisms
(Humans)
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
Kingdom (Animalia)
Phylum (Chordata)
Class (Mammalia)
Order (Primates)
Family (Hominidae)
Genus (Homo)
Species (Homosapiens)
II. Order of Classification
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
Kingdom - Kings
Phylum - Play
Class - Chess
Order - On
Family - Fat
Genus - Guys
Species - Stomachs
III. Traits That Place an
Organism in a Kingdom
A. Kind of cells: prokaryote vs.
eukaryote
B. How the organism obtains food
C. How the organism reproduces
and develops
IV. Five Kingdoms of
Organisms
A. Animalia (Animal)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Eukaryotic cells
Multicelluar organisms
Move about to obtain food
Digest food inside the body
B. Plant Kingdom (Plantae)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Eukaryotic cells
Multicelluar organisms
Produce own food
Cannot move about
C. Fungi Kingdom
Eukaryotic cells
2. Multicelluar organisms, mostly
3. Do not move about
4. Obtain food by absorbing it
from live or dead organisms
1.
D. Monera Kingdom
Prokaryotic cells
2. Mostly one-celled organisms
3. Produce own food or obtain it
from an outside source.
1.
E. Protista Kingdom
Eukaryotic cells – may even
have 2 nuclei
2. Many are one-celled
3. Produce own food or obtain it
from an outside source
1.