Transcript Ch. 24 Birth of Modern Thought - Elizabeth C-1

CH. 24 BIRTH OF MODERN
THOUGHT
VIDEOS
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z821fAKyx6k
• Seruat
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ANqi-LuH5j8
• Pablo Picasso
THE NEW READING REPUBLIC
• By 1900 85% of the people could read in Britain, France, the
Netherlands, Germany and Scandinavia:
• Due improvements in primary education
• Led to greater secondary education opportunities
• The amount of printed matter available to the public increased
dramatically during this time
• Literacy enabled Europeans to gain knowledge and improve their
social situations
SCIENCE AT MID-CENTURY
• The positivists philosophy of Auguste Comte (1798-1857) influenced the
field of science
• Charles Darwin 1859 book the Origins of Species formulated the
principle of natural selection
• The Descent of Man- Darwin explored the principle of natural selection
in the context of human beings establishing a new theory of
evolutionary ethics called social Darwinism
CHRISTIANITY AND THE CHURCH UNDER SIEGE
• Historical scholarship of the 19th century attacked Christianity on many
grounds
• David Friedrich Staruass in the Life of Jesus questioned historical
evidence of Jesus existence
• Julius Wellhausen, Ernest Renan and William Robertson argued that
human authors had written and edited the books of the bible
• The progress of science undermined the Christian underpinning of the
doctrine of creation by determining actual age of earth
CHRISTIANITY UNDER SIEGE
• Frederick Nietzsche also attacked Christianity accusing it of promoting
weakness and not glorifying strength
• Conflict between Church and State
• England- increased hostility between Anglican Church and Protestant
dominations
CHRISTIANITY AND CHURCH UNDER SIEGE
• France- Catholic Church is at odd with Third Republic
• Ferry Laws (sponsored by Jules Ferry replaced religious instruction in
the public schools and civil training
• Germany- Bismarck removed Catholic and Protestant clergy from
overseeing local Education in Prussia
• May laws of 1873 demanded priests be educated in German schools
and universities and gave control of appointment of priests to the
state
• Kulturkampf “Cultural struggle” failed and Bismarck retreated from his
policies
TOWARD A 20TH CENTURY FRAME OF MIND
• Scientists Ernst Mach, Henri Poincare and Hans Vaihinger urged
scientists consider theories hypothetical constructs of the physical
world
• Wilhelm Roentgen, Henri Becquerel, J.J Thompson, Marie Curi, and
Ernest Rutherford established the important properties and uses of
radioactive materials
• Albert Einstein researched relativity
• Werner Heisenberg published his uncertainty principal
LITERATURE AND ART
• Realism and naturalism became dominant themes
• Flaubert used realism to portray life without adornment in his Madame
Bovary
• Zola set forth realism as a movement
• Henrik Isbsen and George Bernard Shaw brought realism into
depiction of domestic life and romantic ideals
ART AND LITERATURE
• From 1870s onward a new movement of modernism was captured by
artists trying to break away from traditional forms
• Igor Stravinksy Rite of Spring
• Pablo Picasso accomplished this in Cubist form
• Bloomsberry Group such as Virginia Wolfe challenged the structure of
traditional literature and assumptions of Victorian culture
• Marcel Proust, James Joyce, Thomas Mann and T.S Eliot literary
modernists of this era
RITE OF SPRING
PICASSO POST BLUE AND ROSE PERIODS
LES DEMOISELLES D'AVIGNON (THE YOUNG LADIES
OF AVIGNON
THE OLD GUITARIST AND THE GUITARIST
PSYCHOLOGY
• Sigmund Freud Introduced psychoanalysis to modern period
• Dreams expressed and repressed desires of everyday life
• Carl Jung advanced his own ideas of collective memories and
constituting human souls and relied on romanticism in his works
SOCIOLOGY
• German Max Weber- advanced his belief in non-economic factors
that might account for major developments in history and his faith in
the role of individual in society
• Weber differed from many of his peers, who considered collective
behavior more of a factor in society
• These scientists included Emile Durkheim, Georges Sorel, Gustave
LeBon, Vilfredo Pareto, and Graham Wallas
• Racial Thinking in this century supported ideas of superior and inferior
races in Europe and Beyond.
• An outgrowth of this ideology was anti-Semitism
WOMEN IN MODERN THOUGHT
• The biological role of women as mothers became more entrenched in
social views of women
• Misogyny was not uncommon in the fiction and art of this period
• Women were excluded from scientific community (some exceptions)
• Alleged inferiority made them ineligible for participation
• Freud’s views helped perpetuate these ideas
• He was later debunked by psychoanalysts like Melanie Kelin and
Karen Horney
WOMEN IN MODERN THOUGHT
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Feminists of this era supported wider sexual freedom for women
Advocated for contraception
Women became active in Socialists groups
Carve out careers for themselves in professions that had previously
been unavailable to them