Transcript Unit 1 Chapter 1

Four Big Ideas
• Big Idea 1: the process of evolution drives the
diversity and unity of life.
• Big Idea 2: biological systems utilize free energy
and molecular building blocks to grow, to
reproduce, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.
• Big Idea 3: living systems store, retrieve, transmit,
and respond to information essential to life
processess.
• Big Idea 4: biological systems interact, and these
systems and their interactions possess complex
New Properties Emerge at Successive
Levels of Biological Organization
• Atoms
• Simple
Molecules
• Macro-molecules
• Organelle
• Cells
• Tissues
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Organ
Organ System
Organism
Populations
Community
Ecosystems
Biosphere
Structure and Function
• Correlation of structure and function
– Example
• Leaf of a plant
– The thin, flat shape maximizes the capture of sunlight by
chloroplast.
Structure and Function
• Knowing the function of something provides
insight into its structure and organization.
– Example: Hummingbird’s body
• the unusual bone structure of a hummingbird’s wing
allows the bird to rotate its wings in all directions,
– Enabling it to fly backwards and to hover while it feeds.
The Cell
• An organism’s basic unit of structure and
function.
• The cell is the smallest unit of organization
that can perform all required activities of
life.
Properties of Life
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Order
Reproduction
Growth and Development
Energy utilization
Response to the environment
Homeostasis
Evolutionary adaptation
Life’s Processes Involve the Expression
and Transmission of Genetic Infomation
• DNA Structure and Function
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Double helix, monomers of nucleotides
4 bases: A, C, G, T
Genes
Chromosomes
Evolution accounts for the unity
and diversity of Life
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Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Three Domains of Life
• Domain Bacteria
– Prokaryotes, multiple kingdoms
Three Domains of Life
• Domain Archaea
– Prokaryotes, multiple kingdoms,
– Live in extreme environments
• Salty lakes, boiling hot springs, swamps, sewage
Three Domains of Life
• Domain Eukarya
– Eukaryotes,
– Kingdoms: Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia
Evolution
• Descent with modification
– Species have risen from succession of ancestors
that differed from them.
• Natural Selection
– Mechanism of evolution
• Individuals have variation in their traits.
• Populations produce far more offspring than can
survive to produce offspring of their own.
– Creates Competition
• Species are generally suited to their environment.
Biological Inquiry
Forming & Testing Hypotheses
based on observations
• Making Observations
– Careful and verifiable observation and analysis
of data are the basis of scientific inquiry.
– Involve ours senses and tools that extend our senses.
– Data, both quantitative and qualitative, are
recorded observations.
– Using inductive reasoning, generalizations can
often be drawn from collections of
observations.
Biological Inquiry
Forming & Testing Hypotheses
based on observations
• Forming and Testing Hypotheses
– Hypothesis is a tentative answer to a question
or an explanation of observations,
• It leads to predictions that can be tested.
– Deductive reasoning uses “if….then” logic to
proceed from the general to the specific.
• From a general hypothesis to specific predictions of
results if the general premise is correct.
Experimental Control
• Controlled experiment
– Compare an experimental group with a control
group.
– They differ only in one factor.
– Without the control group, the researches
would not be able to rule out other factors as
causes of the affect seen in the experiment.
Biological Inquiry
Forming & Testing Hypotheses
based on observations
– In science, the ideal is to frame two or more
alternative hypotheses and design experiments
to test each candidate explanation.
– A hypothesis cannot be proven true; the more
attempts to falsify it that fail, however, the
more a hypothesis gains credibility.
• Science seeks natural causes for natural
phenomena; it does not address questions of
the supernatural.
Biological Inquiry
Forming & Testing Hypotheses
based on observations
• Theories in Science
– A theory is broader in scope than a hypothesis,
generates many specific hypotheses, and is
supported by a large body of evidence.
– A theory can be modified or even rejected when
results and new evidence no longer support it.