Transcript bYTEBoss pengembanganmasalah

PENULISAN PENDAHULUAN
Latar Belakang & Perumusan Masalah,
Tujuan Penelitian, Kegunaan
Penelitian, Ruang Lingkup (Cakupan)
Penelitian, Penyusunan Hipotesis
The Scientific Method
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2.
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7.
Develop the problem
Develop a theoretical solution to the
problem
Formulate the hypothesis or question
Formulate the research plan (methods)
Collect and analyze the data
Interpret the results and form conclusions
Refine the theory
Identification of the Research
Problem
Steps to be Taken
1. Identify a general problem area
2. Revise & narrow the problem
statement
 IDE (Idea)  Topik (Topic)
 Judul (Title)
1. Identify a general problem
area
Criteria to use:
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Interest
Theoretical value
Practical value
Workability
Critical mass
Worthwhile?
1. Identify a general problem
area
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Why do people drop out of
recreation programs?
How do you make this
applied research vs. basic
research vs. action research?
1. Identify a general problem
area
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Review the literature
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Get broad overview using secondary
sources
Write a general problem
statement
Outline of the Problem
I.
Topic: Attrition in Recreation
Programs
II. Statement of the Problem: The
problem was to determine why
participants in recreation programs
drop out.
Writing Problem Statements
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Tells what will be (or was) done
Identifies variables & relationships
to be studied
2. Revise & narrow the problem
statement
Review primary sources in the
literature
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Identify primary sources
Read & record the literature
Focus should be on identifying questions
that need to be answered (theoretically &
practically)
2. Revise & narrow the problem
statement
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Review primary sources in the
literature
Make a list of research questions
Provide a rationale for the problem
Identify variables to be studied
Rewrite the problem statement
Outline of the Problem
III. Results of Previous Studies
IV. Questions to be Answered:
A.
B.
C.
D.
What is the extent of the attrition?
What is the nature of the attrition?
What are the causes of the attrition?
What is the relationship of the cause of attrition
to each type of attrition?
E. Are there any factors that explain the causes of
attrition?
Statement of the Problem

The problem was to determine the
extent to which participants in
recreation programs drop out, the
reasons for their dropping out, and the
relationship of various facts to loss of
enrollment.
The Scientific Method
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Develop the problem
Develop a theoretical solution to the
problem
Formulate the hypothesis or question
Formulate the research plan (methods)
Collect and analyze the data
Interpret the results and form conclusions
Refine the theory
Development of the Research
Question or Hypothesis
Steps to be Taken
1. Delimit the problem
2. Rewrite the problem statement
3. Write the hypotheses/research
questions
4. Identify assumptions & limitations
5. Develop operational definitions
Steps to be Taken
1. Delimit the problem
2. Rewrite the problem statement
3. Write the hypotheses/research
questions
4. Identify assumptions & limitations
5. Develop operational definitions

Identify independent (cause, what is
manipulated) and dependent (effect,
what is measured) variables to be
measured
Outline of the Problem
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What is the extent of the attrition?
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In each season?
In different programs?
Outline of the Problem
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What is the nature of the attrition?
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Males and females?
People of different ages?
People of different geographic regions?
People with different backgrounds in
recreation?
Combinations of the above?
Outline of the Problem
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What are the causes of attrition?
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Economic reasons?
Personality differences?
Personal (other than economic) reasons?
Other?
Steps to be Taken
1. Delimit the problem
2. Rewrite the problem statement
3. Write the hypotheses/research
questions
4. Identify assumptions & limitations
5. Develop operational definitions
Variables

Any characteristic or phenomenon that
can vary (or change) across organisms,
situations, or environments
Types of Variables
Variable
Key
Characteristic
Example
Independent
(Situational)
Dependent
(Response)
Attribute
(Subject)
Eating apples (none
Presumed cause
or one per day)
Subject
characteristic
Male vs. female
Extraneous
(Mediating)
Controlled
influence
Prior health, other
foods
Measured
Number of doctor
outcome (effect) visits for colds or flu
Statement of the Problem

The problem was to determine the
extent to which participants in outdoor
recreation programs in college drop out
and the reasons for their dropping out.
Steps to be Taken
1. Delimit the problem
2. Rewrite the problem statement
3. Write the hypotheses/research
questions
4. Identify assumptions & limitations
5. Develop operational definitions
Which should
it be?
Hypotheses
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Research hypothesis
Alternative hypothesis
Null hypothesis
Examples of Research
Hypotheses
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If children are taught to read via whole
language, then their reading comprehension
will be higher.
If children watch 3 or more hours of TV per
day, then their behavior on the playground
will become more aggressive.
If children learn in small cooperative
groups, then their social interactions will be
more positive.
Form of Research Hypotheses
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IF, THEN: If young children take piano lessons,
then they will have higher math aptitude 10 years
later.
STATEMENT: Young children who take piano
lessons will have higher math aptitude 10 years
later.
QUESTION: Will young children who take piano
lessons have higher math aptitude 10 years later?
Null Hypothesis & Statistics
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STATISTICAL QUESTION: How likely is it (what is
the probability) that the actual findings in the
sample would be obtained if the null hypothesis
was true?
STATISTICAL ANSWER: p value
(probability value  p =.05)
There is a 5% (5 in 100) chance that the actual
findings in the sample would be obtained if the null
hypothesis is true.
Examples
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RESEARCH: If children watch violent TV,
then they will act more aggressively at
recess.
ALTERNATIVE: Children prone to aggression
simply watch more violent TV.
NULL: In a population of school-age children
there is no relationship between TV violence
and aggressive behavior.
Steps to be Taken
1. Delimit the problem
2. Rewrite the problem statement
3. Write the hypotheses/research
questions
4. Identify assumptions & limitations
5. Develop operational definitions
Limitations - Example
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This sample represented college
students in the Northwest United
States. Caution should be taken in
extrapolating these results to people of
other age groups in other geographic
locations.
Assumptions - Examples
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All participants who sign up for
recreation programs do so voluntarily.
All outdoor recreation programs are
taught by qualified personnel.
Assumptions - Examples
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All subjects completed the
questionnaire honestly and correctly.
The subjects understood the directions
as they were intended.
The subjects were a representative
sample of college students in the
Northwest.
Steps to be Taken
1. Delimit the problem
2. Rewrite the problem statement
3. Write the hypotheses/research
questions
4. Identify assumptions & limitations
5. Develop operational definitions
Operational Definition
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Presumed indicator of a construct
Makes construct observable (empirical)
& quantifiable
Caution: loss of meaning
Creativity: Operational
Definition
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Teacher’s ratings on a scale of 1-10
Number of recognized science projects
Number of unusual uses for a briick named
within one minute
Ratings of a short story written by students
as judged by a creativity “expert”
Score on a researcher-developed test of
creativity
Intelligence: Operational
Definition
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Correctly solving logic
problem
Answering questions
about word meanings
Repeating backward
strings of 8 numbers
Solving a math problem
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Using “street smarts” to
achieve a goal
Starting a new business
Paraphrasing the theme
of a written paragraph
Solving an equation
Executing a triple lutz
Construct
Operational definition
Intelligence
Score on GRE; score on StanfordBinet scale
Anxiety
HR; BP; self-report rating
Motivation
GPA
Hyperactivity Number of fidgets in 15 minutes
Self-esteem
Score on Coopersmith test
Creativity
Number of novel uses for paper
clips described in 3 minutes
The Scientific Method
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Develop the problem
Develop a theoretical solution to the
problem
Formulate the hypothesis or question
Formulate the research plan (methods)
Collect and analyze the data
Interpret the results and form conclusions
Refine the theory
Minggu ke-4
4) PENALARAN & PREDIKSI
 Reasoning, Penalaran deduktif dari
hipotesis dan teori,
 Disusun dalam suatu Tinjauan Pustaka
yang dapat menarasikan dasar
perumusan masalah dan hipotesis