Transcript plant has cell wall, chloroplast, and huge vacuole

Regents Review
Topic 1: Similarities and Differences
Among Living Organisms
Plant vs Animal Cell
Plant
Animal
Differences – plant has cell wall, chloroplast, and huge vacuole
Organelles
Nucleus – “brain”, contains DNA, controls cell
Vacuole – “storage”, stores water, food,
waste
Mitochondria – “powerhouse”, produces
energy for cell through respiration
Organelles
Chloroplast – “food”, green color, makes glucose
for plant through photosynthesis
Cytoplasm – “jelly”, provides shape of cell,
transport
Ribosome – “protein”, uses amino acids to make
proteins
Cell membrane – “gatekeeper”, selectively
permeable, fluid-mosaic
Organelles
DNA – “info”, genetic material that codes for all
activities of the cell (NOT AN ORGANELLE)
Cell Wall – “rigid”, stiff outer layer of plant cell, helps
cell keep shape
Lysosome – “recycling center”, breaks down dead
organelles and waste
The Cell Membrane
1.Separates contents of
cell from environ.
2.Control transport in
and out of cell
3.Recognize and
respond to chemical
signals
Transport
Passive Transport – transport of molecules
into and out of the cell that does not require
energy, molecules move from high to low
concentration
Ex. Diffusion and Osmosis
Diffusion through the Membrane Lab
Diffusion
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Movement of molecules from high concentration
to low concentration
A natural process, molecules want to spread out
Ex. Mom baking cookies, aroma reaches you after
a few minutes…molecules spreading naturally
from high concentration (kitchen) to low
concentration (living room)
Osmosis
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Diffusion of water
Water molecules move from high to low
concentration
Active Transport

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Transport of molecules from low to high
concentration.
Requires Energy!!! (ATP)
Ex. Desert Plants absorbing water
Transport
Recognizing Signals
How do cells receive and understand
messages from the body?
Proteins found in the cell membrane can
receive chemical messages.
Hormone

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Produced in endocrine glands.
Chemicals responsible for communication
between cells.
If hormone production is slowed, stopped,
blocked…homeostasis can be effected.
Craig ????
Receptor Molecule

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Proteins found in cell membranes.
Can detect hormones, chemicals from
nerve cells that will stimulate the cell to
respond.
Receptor Molecules
Target Cell

Specific type of cell that signal is supposed
to reach.
Endocrine System


A series of small organs that produce the
hormones (messengers) of the body
Include thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary,
thyroid, pancreas, testes, and ovaries.
Endocrine System
Levels of Organization

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Cell – contain organelles
Tissue – groups of specialized cells
Organs – different types of tissues
combined
Organ System – several organs working
together
Organism
Levels of Org
Single Celled Organism
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An organism that is only one cell, yet
undergoes all of life functions.
Organelles of single cell org are much
simpler than organ system of a human, but
capable of same function.
Ex. Vacuole vs Digestive System
Body Systems

Endocrine – sends chemical messengers
(hormones) to body systems through blood
stream (pancreas, ovaries/testes)

Respiratory – exchange of gasses between
blood of circ system and the environment
(lungs, nose)
Body Systems

Excretory – removal of all waste from body
cells (kidney, lung, sweat gland, anus)

Nervous – sends signals along nerves, coordinates movement of body (brain, spinal
cord)
Body Systems

Immune System – detect and destroy
invaders found in the body, increases
body’s immunity
Immunity – ability to resist disease
Body Systems

Digestive – ingest, break down food,
nutrients absorbed into blood stream
(esophagus, stomach, intestines)
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Skeletal – provide foundation for body

Muscular – contract to move bones  body
Body Systems

Circulatory – transport materials such as
oxygen, waste, and nutrients throughout
your body (heart, arteries, blood)
Life Functions
Respiration – break down nutrients to release
energy (mitochondria)
Regulation – responding to internal and
external stimuli, maintaining homeostasis
Reproduction – produce more of own species
Life Functions
Growth – increasing the size or number of
cells
Excretion – removing waste
Nutrition – obtaining nutrients from
environment and breaking them down for
transport
Life Functions
Transport – move materials throughout
organism
Circulation – blood vessels are the highway
of the human body
Life Functions
Synthesis – TO BUILD!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
- combining simple substances into complex
substances
Metabolism – all chem reactions that take place in
the cell
Homeostasis – BALANCE!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
- maintaining internal stability of organism
Photosynthesis vs Respiration
Photosynthesis:
 Plant Cells  Chloroplast
 H2O + CO2  C6H12O6 + O2
Sunlight
Glucose
Photosynthesis vs Respiration
Respiration:
 All cells  mitochondria
 C6H12O6 + O2  ATP + CO2 + H2O
Glucose
Energy
A Cycle!!
Inorganic vs Organic
Inorganic
 Do not contain both
H and C
 Include salts,
acids/bases, carbon
dioxide, water,
oxygen
Organic
 Contain both H and
C
 Include DNA,
protein, fat,
carbohydrates,
enzymes
Biochemistry
Carbohydrates – store energy (starch in
plants, glycogen in animals)
Simple Sugars – monosaccharides (1 sugar
molecule), glucose
Biochemistry
Proteins – made of amino acids (coded for
by DNA), essential in just about every
process that occurs in an organism
Enzymes – speed up bio reactions
Hormones – chemical messengers
Antibodies – find and destroy invaders
Antigens – stimulate immune response
Pigments – different colors (chlorophyll)
Biochemistry
Lipids – fats, essential for life (cell
membranes)