Transcript The Biotech Industry

Agenda
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Introductions
Syllabus
Policy Review
What is Biotechnology?
General Biology
Assignment
One who asks a question is a
fool for five minutes;
One who does not ask a
question remains a fool
forever.
Have you ever...
… Had
a “flu shot”?
… received an insulin injection?
… taken a home pregnancy test?
… taken penicillin?
… eaten bread or cheese?
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The most exciting phrase to hear in
science, the one that heralds the most
discoveries, is not "Eureka!" (I found
it!) but "That's funny..." ~Isaac
Asimov
BIOTECHNOLOGY:
the use of
living organisms or
their products to …
Applications of Biotech
1. Medical
• Treatment
• Diagnosis
• Cure?
2. Forensic
3. Agricultural
Food production
4. Evolutionary Studies
In US…
1,473 biotechnology
companies
Biotech industry
employed 198,300
2003
The Biotech Industry
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$51 billion a year industry (2005)
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165 drugs and vaccines
– (370 in clinical trials)
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U.S. revenues $8 billion in 1992  to $39.2 billion in 2003.
Diagnosis of Huntington’s Disease
© 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers
Credit: from Cell
72:971-983 Fig. 7
March 26, 1993,
Copyright © 1993 Cell
Press
Fig 22.2b Testing for the expanded trinucleotide repeat
regions in the huntingtin gene that are responsible for
Huntington’s disease by PCR .
Medicinal Applications -Approved Drugs
Product
Indication
Activase (tissue plasminogen activator)
heart attack
Humulin (Insulin)
diabetes
Engerix-B (Hepatitis B Vaccine)
hepatitis B infection
Epogen (erythropoietin)
anemia
Herceptin
Breast Cancer
Reopro
cardiac ischemia
Benefix
hemophilia
Rituxan
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Study of genetic variation underlying differential
responses to drugs
http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/txg/members/2003/111-11/focus/header.jpg?section=toxicogenomics
Gene Therapy
Insert the working gene into the cells of patient
10 Plus years ago…
Ashi DeSilva
Enzyme deficiency
No Immune System
Reproductive Cloning
http://www.time.com/time/moy/runnerwilmut.html
Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD)
Credit: Courtesy Susan
Lanzendorf, Ph.D.,
Jones Institute for
Reproductive
Medicine/Eastern
Virginia Medical
School
© 2003 John Wiley and
Sons Publishers
An eight-cell human pre-embryo.
Credit: Courtesy of
Cellmark Diagnostics,
Germantown,
Maryland.
Forensic Applications
Fig 22.11 DNA fingerprints
prepared from DNA isolated
from a bloodstain at the site of
a crime and from blood
obtained from three individuals
suspected of committing the
crime.
© 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers
Plant and Animal
Applications
•Pesticide
•Herbicide Resistance
•Growth
•Shelf-life
Resistance to infection
Production of ‘human’ protein
Better growth
Ecology and
Evolutionary Studies
Environment
Industrial Applications
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Paper Production
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Food Industry
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Tanning
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Fuel
APPLICATIONS
Bread
Wine
Selective Breeding (Plants and Animals)
Cheese
Reproductive cloning
Genetic fingerprinting
Medicine
Agricultural purposes (food processing)
Applications Continued
Gene therapy
Pollution Control (Bioremediation)
Mining
Energy Production
Forestry
Aquaculture
A SHORT HISTORY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY:
Neolithic Age:
Move from hunting/gathering to agricultural lifestyle
save the seeds of the best specimens
yeast for fermenting foods and beverages.
1665 Robert Hook coined term ‘cell’, thought the function
of cell was transport
1675
Leeuwenhook
enhanced microscopes
first to observe bacteria and sperm
‘mysterious male contribution stimulating egg to grow’
1859 Charles Darwin
Natural Selection as Means of Evolution
Galapagos Island
Populations change as they adapt to environment
New species!
GENE – Never heard of it.
1866: Gregor Mendel
Principles of Heredity
Originated the Science of Genetics
Two copies of each ‘factor’
GENE- What you talkin about Willis?
•1869 Miescher discovers/isolates DNA
•1928 Frederic Griffith
DNA is ‘transforming principle’
•1944 Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, Maclyn
McCarty
genetic material is composed of
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
194? Chargaff
A = T and G = C
1953 Wilkins and Franklin
X-ray crystallographs of DNA
1953 Watson and Crick
double helix structure of DNA
1971 Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer , Paul Berg
Recombinant DNA technology
Boyer becomes co-founder of Genentech,Inc.
makes recombinant insulin.
1982. First rDNA pharmaceutical (insulin) approved for use
in the U.S.
1983 Kary Mullis
develops PCR (polymerase chain reaction)
1985: First environmental release of genetically engineered
microorganisms ("ice-minus" bacteria) approved in the U.S.
1997: Cloning of Dolly
2000: Human Genome Project Complete
Assignment
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Create a Profile in WebBoard
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Biotech News
It is never to late
to become
What you might
have been.
-George Eliot
Numbers
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10 billion
– Number of cells humans replace every
day
Scientific Thought for the
Day
Causative?
Coincidental (Bystander)?
Consequence?
Quote
A Mind Stretched by a New Idea
Never Returns to Its Original
Dimensions
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Oliver Wendell Holmes