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Preview p.106 Why do you think people go to college? Motivation pp. 468-480 Motivation The need or desire that energizes and directs behavior Instincts and Evolutionary Theory Instinct: an unlearned, innate, and automatic response to a specific stimulus Charles Darwin’s Evolutionary Theory Instincts are a product of Natural Selection: Instinctual behaviors that increase reproductive success become more frequent, others die out Basic emotions are included among instincts Drives and Incentives Drive Reduction Theory (Clark Hull) Behavior originates from the physiological need for food, water, and air. These needs create tension away from homeostasis. When needs are met (homeostasis), arousal is low; need gives rise to drives Pleasurable Vs. Enjoyable Comprehension Check Explain why drive-reduction theories cannot explain all types of motivation. GIve an example of drive-reduction theory. How is homeostasis involved in Drive-reduction theory? Optimum Arousal Theory Arousal is the result of several heightened physiological states Motivation is directed at maintaining an optimum, stable level of arousal. Yerkes-Dodson Law Difficult or challenging tasks cause arousal to be lower, and easy task cause arousal to be higher Incentive Motivation External stimuli “push” people to positive incentives and “pull” people away from negative incentives Ex. Overtime, Dog Treats Humanistic Theory of Motivation Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs explains how a person achieves his or her potential Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Self-actualization: achievement of one’s potential Esteem needs: feels of worth and accomplishment Belongingness and love needs: supportive friendships and intimate relationships Safety Needs: security and stability Physiological Needs: food and water Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs – Average Satisfaction 85% of Physiological Needs 70% of Safety Needs 50% of Belongingness and Love Needs 40% of Self-Esteem Needs 10% of Self-Actualization Needs Maslow • Have you ever experienced true hunger or thirst that displaced your concern for other, higher-level needs? • Do you usually feel safe, loved, confident? • How often are you able to address what Maslow calls your “self-actualization” Needs? Theory? • While on a long road trip, you suddenly feel very hungry. You see a diner that looks pretty deserted and creepy, but you are really hungry, so you stop anyway. What motivational perspective would most easily Explain this behavior, and why? HUNGER Keys (1950) : Subjects received just enought food to maintain weight, and then gradually reduced the amount over 6 months Men were obsessed with food Lost interest in Sex and Social Activities The Physiology of Hunger Hypothalamus ventromedial- stops hunger lateral- initiates hunger CCK (cholescystokinin) acts as a neurotransmitter signifying short-term satiation Leptin released in the bloodstream Insulin is a hormone that is used to convert glucose to energy. Insulin levels increase, Glucose levels decrease --> hunger Body Weight Basal Metabolic Rate regulates the expenditure of energy used to maintain our body’s vital functions. A person’s ideal weight, called the set point, is maintained though increases or decreases in BMR. Body mass Index (BMI): is the measure of a person’s weight in proportion to their height. Eating Disorders Motive for abnormal thinness overwhelms normal homeostatic pressures Cultural Pressures + Low Self-Esteem + Stressful Lifestyle --> Eating Disorder The Psychology of Hunger Memory of when we at last Expectation of when we should eat again Taste Preferences Process p.106 Do you feel in touch with your body’s hunger signals? Do you eat when body needs food? Or do you tend to be more externally influenced by enticing foods even when you’re full?