Transcript Intro to Motivation

Intro to Motivation
WHY?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P0zVPZBykSE
What moves people to action?
• Pursuit of pleasure and avoidance of pain
– Counterproductive?
• Drug use? Studying?
Freud
• Basic sexual/ aggressive
instincts operate
unconsciously
– dreams
– fantasies
– slips of the tongue
Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
• Basic tendency toward growth to master
our lives
Human sexual nature?
• Shows relationship between psychological
and biological
– How did we go from caveman to Kimye?
Martin Seligman
• Emphasized cognitive
factors in motivation and
emotion
– How do you explain your
successes and failures?
What does it all come down to?
• Drives/Incentives/Homeostasis/Optimum Arousal
Need
(food/water)
Drive
(hunger/thirst)
• Pushed by need and pulled by incentive
• How does this relate to Harlow’s Monkeys?
Drive-reducing
behavior
(eating/drinking)
Close your eyes…
• Think about the future
– Hopes?
– What do you see?
What is hope?
• Agency: willpower or energy to get
towards a goal (choice)
• Pathways: perceived ability to generate
routes to achieve that goal
Hope Index
•
• Add items 2, 9, 10, and 12 = agency
• Add items 1, 4, 6, and 8 = pathways
• Add agency + pathway
• Mean for each is 12.5 (total 25)
• High on hope scale = pursue greater
number of life goals and tend to be more
successful in achieving those goals
– Interpret obstacles as “life challenges” rather
than threats
– React to obstacles with less stress and less
increase in blood pressure
– Hopeful women report less pain in childbirth
– Higher life satisfaction, self-esteem, optimistic
So why are you here?
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Motivation Theories
1. Evolutionary Theory
A. Early instinct theories: fixed, genetic
programs behavior
1.
2.
3.
4.
William James Principles of Psychology
William McDougall – 18 Instincts
Migrating behaviors and mating displays of birds
Examples in human behaviors, including rooting,
sucking, and grasping
B. ethology: relating behavior to features of
environment
1. Nest building (inherited dispositions)
2. Instincts reflect adaptation to
environment
3. Development and expression can vary
(seasons, food, mates)
4. Sign stimuli shapes/triggers behavior
C. Charles Darwin’s evolutionary theory
1. Natural selection
2. Emotions are based on instincts
D. Modern evolutionary psych: predispositions
and probabilities, not instincts
1. Natural selection acts on genes expressed in
particular circumstances
2. Selection takes place at the individual level; it
is not “survival” in the literal sense
3. Behaviors adaptive in one time or place may
not be adaptive to others (affluence and food
choice)
2. Arousal Theory
A. Motivation: to achieve and maintain a
certain level of arousal
•
•
Animals seek activities that create levels of
physiological arousal
Theories differ in assumptions about
whether arousal is negative or positive
B. Drive-reduction theory (Clark Hull)
1. Behavior originates from physiological need
for food, water, air.
•
•
These needs create tension (irritation) away from
homeostasis
When needs are met (homeostasis), arousal is
low; needs give rise to drives
• Drive: internal state of tension that motivates
an organism to engage in activities that reduces
tension
Restore equil.
•Blood vessels in skin dilate to
remove heat
•Person sweats
•Turn down furnace
•Remove Sweater
Temp. too high
Comfortable range for body temp centered at 98.6°F
Temp. too low
•Blood vessels in skin constrict to
conserve heat
•Person shivers
•Turn up furnace
•Put on sweater
Restore equil.
2. Animals are motivated to reduce the drive
a. Behaviors (eating, drinking, breathing) reduce
need by restoring homeostasis
b. Behaviors are reinforced/strengthened thru
drive reduction
c. Acquired motivation: stimuli associated with
drives become motivators; stimuli associated
with drive reduction become rewarding
C. Optimal Arousal Theory
1. Some nonzero level of arousal is optimal
•
•
Arousal below optimal level motivates behavior to
increase arousal
Arousal above optimal level motivates behavior to
decrease arousal
2. Individual differences
–
–
People vary in the ways they seek levels of arousal
Sensation-seeking is an aspect of personality
related to risky behavior
Just how sensation-seeking are you?
3. Incentive Theory
•
Motivation is produced by need for goal
attainment
A. Need for goal attainment or achievement
may be either intrinsic or extrinsic
•
Feelings vs. material often tangible
reinforcers
B. Effect of external reward on intrinsic
motivation
1. Providing extrinsic reward for intrinsic
motivated behavior can decrease interest
in task
•
Overjustification effect: Deci’s puzzle
solving experiment
C. Conditioned incentives
1. Cravings – thru learningEnvironmental stimuli
= craving
•
Watch someone eating popcorn = you want popcorn
2. Wanting – motivation to approach incentive
•
If you have a cold, you may want cold medicine but
not like it
4. Cognitive Consistency Theory
• Motivation for thoughts to be consistent
with behavior
– Cognitive dissonance
– Self-perception theory: an individual
perceives his or her own behavior and forms
beliefs and attitudes that are consistent with it
Self Perception Theory
• A man is asked whether he likes wheat
bread and replies, “I must like it; I’m
always eating it.” His wife would say the
same thing.
• Introspection/justification is a poor guide
due to weak cues
– Outside observer assumes another’s internal
states
5. Humanistic Theory
A. Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs
B. Csikszentmihalyl’s flow
1. deep, authentic involvement in meaningful
activities
2. Requires skilled control over instinctive
drives
High Challenge
Flow
Anxiety
Low Skill
High Skill
Apathy
Boredom
Low Challenge
Flow experiences
• Attention that is freely invested and centered on
achieving goals
– Choosing to spend time in activities that work towards goals
• Lack of psychological disorder
– agoraphobia
• Challenges that require new skill
– English skill vs. want to read Shakespeare
• Clear goals and feedback
– Math teacher concepts
• Transformation of time
– Fun activities vs. monotony
• Loss of self-consciousness
– Stage fright
Hunger Inventory
• Fill this out, then take a break.