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Unit 8, Modules 37- 40
Motivation – Why does behavior occur?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o0tN58EC6LE
Motivation
• Definition
– A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior,
feelings or ideas that cause us to act toward a goal.
– Process that initiates, directs and sustains behavior
while simultaneously satisfying physiological or
psychological needs. A motive is a reason or purpose
for behavior.
Motivation
• 5 Major Theories of Motivation
* Instinct Theory
* Incentive Theory
* Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
* Drive-Reduction Theory
* Yerkes-Dodson Law of Arousal
Instinct Theory
• Instinct
– Inborn, unlearned
complex behavior
that is rigidly
patterned and
characteristic
throughout a
species
(Ex: nest building or
migration in birds)
Instincts
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EjAoSQv5Lq
U
Instinct Theory of Motivation
• Instincts are the prime movers of all human
activity. All organisms are born with innate
biological tendencies that help them survive.
• Theory was widely accepted by psychologists
during early 1900’s.
• Currently theories are more popular, human
behavior is thought to be more complex,
diverse and unpredictable.
• No scientific way to prove existence of instincts
in humans. Eventually this theory collapsed.
Drive Reduction Theory
• Clark Hull- A physiological need (need for water)
creates a state of tension or aroused state (you
feel thirsty) this drives, motivates you to reduce
the tension or satisfy the need (drink water).
• Physiological aim of drive reduction is
homeostasis or internal stability or equilibrium.
• Primary drives- biological needs
• Secondary drives- learned drives, through
operant or classical conditioning
Drive-Reduction Theory
• Homeostasis
– tendency to
maintain a
balanced or
constant internal
state
– regulation of any
aspect of body
chemistry around a
particular level
– Hypothalamus
Stimulated?
Stimulated?
Destroyed?
Destroyed?
Ventromedial or Lateral Hypothalamus?
Abraham Maslow- thought some needs are more
compelling than others, he provides framework for
thinking about motivation
Incentive Motivation
– a positive or
negative
environmental
stimulus that
motivates behavior
– people are pulled
toward behaviors
that offer positive
incentives and
pushed away from
behaviors
associated with
negative incentives
• Intrinsic Motivation
– desire to
perform a
behavior for its
own sake or to
be effective
• Extrinsic
Motivation
– desire to
perform a
behavior due to
promised
rewards or
threats of
punishment
Incentive
Motivation
Arousal Theory
• Arousal- a person’s state of alertness,
mental and physical activity
• Aim of motivation is to maintain an optimal
level of arousal
• Each of us has a different need for
excitement or arousal (bungee jumping,
cliff diving)
• If arousal is less than the optimal level, we
do something to stimulate it. If it is greater
than the optimal level, we reduce stimuli.
• An empirical relationship
between arousal and
performance. Developed
by psychologists, Robert M.
Yerkes and John
Dillingham Dodson in 1908.
States performance
increases with
physiological or mental
arousal, but only up to a
point.
• When levels of arousal
become too high,
performance decreases.
Process is illustrated
graphically as a curvilinear,
inverted U-shape which
increases and then
decreases with higher
levels of arousal.
Yerkes-Dodson
Law of Arousal
Yerkes-Dodson Law of Arousal in
Sports Psychology
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XhrAAP
rpqPE
Motivation-Hunger
• Stomach contractions accompany our feelings of hunger
Subject swallows
balloon, which
measures stomach
contraction
Subject presses
key each time
when hungry
Stomach contractions
Hunger pangs
0 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Time in minutes
9 10
Motivation-Hunger
Glucose
– the form of sugar that circulates in the blood
– provides the major source of energy for body
– when its level is low, we feel hunger; when it’s
high we feel full
Insulin
– Hormone secreted by the pancreas, converts
blood glucose into stored fat
– Elevated insulin levels can trigger hunger by
decreasing glucose levels
Motivation-Hunger
• Set Point
– hypothalamus wants to maintain a
certain optimum target body weight
– when the body falls below this weight,
an increase in hunger and a lowered
metabolic rate may act to restore the
lost weight
• Basal Metabolic Rate
– body’s base or resting rate of energy
expenditure
– an inherited factor which may be linked
to obesity
The Other Appetite Hormones
• Ghrelin- I’m hungry
• Orexin- hungry message secreted by the
hypothalamus
• Leptin- brain increases metabolism and
hunger decreases
• PYY- I’m not hungry
Motivation-Hunger
• The
hypothalamus
is linked to
emotion
(how?) and
controls body
maintenance
functions
(eating,
drinking,
temperature)
Motivation- Hunger
Psychological Factors
• Externals- motivated to eat by food cues like
attractiveness, availability, smell of food or time
of day
• Internals-less affected by presentation and
presence of food and more in tuned to body’s
hunger cues
• Culture and background can affect food
preferences
Eating Disorders
Anorexia Nervosa
– a normal-weight person diets and becomes significantly
(>15%) underweight, yet, still feels fat, continues to starve
– overly concerned with body image and gaining weight
– 90% are females
Bulimia Nervosa
– disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of
highly caloric foods, often in secret. This is followed by
vomiting, laxative use, fasting or excessive exercise. Most
bulimics maintain a normal weight.
Obesity
– severely overweight, often 100 lbs or more, caused by
unhealthy food obsessions or genetic predisposition
Eating DisordersAnorexia Nervosa
• when a person is less than
85% of their normal body
weight
• most sufferers are between
the ages of 18-30
• 30% of persons diagnosed
with anorexia nervosa die
Women’s Body Images
Thinnest
Women’s
ideal
What women What men
believed men actually
preferred
preferred
Women’s
current
body image
Fattest
Sexual Motivation
• Sex is a physiologically
based motive, like
hunger, but it is more
affected by learning and
values
• Vital for the continuation
of the species
• Social and cultural
factors play an important
role, as do hormones
Sexual Motivation
• Sexual Response Cycle
the four stages of sexual responding described
by Masters and Johnson
initial excitement
plateau
orgasm
resolution
• Refractory Period
resting period after orgasm, during which a
man cannot achieve another orgasm
Sexual Motivation
Estrogen
secreted in greater amounts by
females than by males, primary
female sex hormone
Testosterone
primarily secreted in the testes of
males and the ovaries of females,
principal male sex hormone
Forces Affecting Sexual
Motivation
Physiological
readiness
Imaginative
stimuli
Sexual motivation
External
stimuli
Sexual Motivation
• Sexual Orientation
– an enduring sexual attraction toward
members of either one’s own gender
(homosexual orientation) or the other
gender (heterosexual orientation)
Motivation
• Achievement Motivation
– a desire for significant accomplishment,
constant striving for excellence or
success
– meeting personal goals
• mastery of things, people, or ideas
• acquiring new skills or knowledge
• attaining a high standard
– Appears to be learned and related to
child-rearing practices and values in the
home, birth order?
Motivation
Industrial/Organizational (I/O) Psychology
– sub-field of psychology that studies and
advises on workplace behavior
– helps organizations select and train
employees
– helps boost employee morale,
productivity
– designs products, assess responses to
them
Motivation
• Task Leadership
– goal-oriented leadership that sets standards,
organizes work, and focuses attention on
goals – “The Process”, Nick Saban
• Social Leadership
– group-oriented leadership that builds
teamwork, mediates conflict and
offers support – Mark Richt
• Theory X
Motivation
– assumes that workers are basically lazy,
error-prone, and extrinsically motivated by
money
– should be directed from above
• Theory Y
– assumes that, given challenge and freedom,
workers are motivated to achieve self-esteem
and to demonstrate their competence and
creativity
And we’re done….
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d6wRkzCW5qI