Transcript The Five Kingdoms - NVHSIntroBioPiper1

Warm-up / EOC Prep
1. Oxygen was not present in the early
atmosphere. Which of the following describes the
first organisms who lived in this environment?
A Homologous
C Anaerobic
B Vestigial
D Aerobic
2. Structures that were once useful but no
longer have any function, like the human appendix,
are called…
A homologous structures
C vital organs
B vestigial organs
D mutations
Agenda
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Warm-Up
Notes
Classification Worksheet
Whiteboards
Textbook Review Questions
Clean-up
Cool-Down
Announcements
• Evolution Quiz Tuesday
The History of Classification
• The classification of organisms has a long
history, but it keeps changing as new
knowledge is generated by the research of
evolutionary relationships.
• It all started more than 2,000 years ago, when
the Greek philosopher Aristotle classified
groups plants and animals by similar
structures.
• The science of naming and classifying
organisms is called taxonomy.
• Starting in the Middle Ages, scientists began
using Latin names to classify animals. When
this kind of system was first developing many
names were used, which became very
confusing.
However, a simpler
system was
developed by the
Swedish biologist
Carl Linnaeus in the
1750s.
• Linnaeus used a two-word Latin name for
each species, and this two word system is
called binomial nomenclature.
• This two part name is called the organism’s
scientific name. The two parts are as follows:
1. Genus-category containing similar species
(share a lot of characteristics) The first letter
of the genus is always capitalized.
2. Species-most basic level of the classification
system-one particular organism. The first
letter of the species name is lowercase.
Examples of Common Scientific
Names
• Canis familiaris - dog
• Felis domesticus - cat
• Canis lupus - wolf
• Vulpes vulpes - fox
• Populus deltoides - cottonwood
There are estimated to
be 5-10 million species
in this world
We have scientifically
identified 1.5 million of
them.
• Both parts of the scientific name are italicized
or underlined. For example, the name for a
bee is Apis mellifera.
• The scientific naming system allows scientists
to communicate regardless of their native
language. No two organisms can have the
same scientific name, and the name must
conform to the rules established by an
international commission and to the rules of
Latin grammar.
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DOMAIN
KINGDOM
PHYLUM
CLASS
ORDER
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES
• DangerKeepPondsCleanOrFrogsGetSick
• DumbKingsPlayCardsOnFatGreenStools
The Hierarchical System
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Taxonomic Hierarchy
Figure 10.5
• The science of naming and classifying
organisms is called….
• taxonomy
• The levels of classification from largest to
smallest are…
• Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order,
Family, Genus Species
• Illustrate the levels of classification on white
paper.
• Use Chapter 14 in the textbook to help.
• Turn it in when you are done.
Cool-Down
1. List the different levels of the classification
system in order.
2. What is between order and genus?
3. Who came up with this system?
• Clean up this room!!
• That means…
• No paper or trash on the floor
• Chairs tucked under the desks
• Desks straight
• THANK YOU!!
Warm-Up / EOC Prep
1. Which of these is necessary for natural selection to
occur?
A. Genetic engineering
B. Genetic variation
C. Budding
D. Environmental Stability
2. Which of the following is the best definition of
biological evolution?
A Humans came from monkeys
B Only the strongest survive
C Genetic change in organisms over time
D The process organisms use to improve
Agenda
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Warm-up
Notes
Kingdom Worksheet
Kingdom Comparison Posters
Clean-up
Cool-down
• EVOLUTION QUIZ TOMORROW!
The Five Kingdoms
• Linnaeus began his system based on
observations of organisms that are similar to
one another. For example, a tiger resembles a
gorilla more closely than either resembles a
fish. Darwin then believed that organisms
that are more similar to one another have
descended from a more recent common
ancestor.
• Therefore, classification should include an
organism’s phylogeny-evolutionary history.
• A branching diagram
that shows evolutionary
relationships is called a
phylogenetic tree or
cladogram.
• The closer organisms
are on the tree, the
more closely they are
related and the more
recently they shared a
common ancestor.
• However, some similarities evolve in
organisms that are not closely related to one
another, because the organisms live in the
same kind of place. The process by which this
happens is called convergent evolution.
Similarities that come about through
convergent evolution are called analogous
characters. Ex:Bird wing and insect wing
• The biggest classification group is Domain.
There are 3 domains-Eukarya, Eubacteria, and
Archaebacteria. Eubacteria and
Archaebacteria are prokaryotic domains and
Eukarya is a eukaryotic domain.
REMEMBER:
• Eukaryotes = nucleus, membrane bound
organelles, ribosomes, bigger
• Prokaryotes = no nucleus, no membrane
bound organelles, ribosomes, smaller.
• A biological species is a group of natural
populations that are interbreeding or that
could interbreed and that are reproductively
isolated from other such groups.
• However, sometimes
individuals of different
species interbreed and
produce offspring called
hybrids. Ex: A donkey +
a horse = a mule
• In the beginning of classification there were
only 2 kingdoms-Plants and Animals.
• Prokaryotic kingdoms = Eubacteria and
ArchaebacteriaProkaryotic, Unicellular,
• Ex: Bacteria
• Often called Monera
Monera
• Prokaryotic
• Unicellular
• Bacteria
• Note**
• Monera Kingdom is the Bacteria Kingdom!!
• Some scientists split Bacteria into Eubacteria
(normal bacteria) and Archaebacteria
(extreme bacteria).
*WAS DISCOVERED IN 1976
*UNICELLULAR MARINE ORGANISM
*BELIEVED TO BE SIMILAR TO THE
BACTERIA WHICH
EVOLVES TO FORM CHLOROPLAST
• There are four Eukaryotic kingdoms (within
the Eukarya Domain) in the modern
classification system :
1. Protista
• Eukaryotic
• Single celled /
simple multicellular
• Heterotrophs and
Autotrophs
• Includes organisms
that “don’t fit”
• Ex: amoeba,
euglena, kelp
Can be found in pond water
Gets it’s name from Greek word amoibe
Has no permanent shape
Multiplies by dividing into 2
2. Fungi
• Eukaryotic
• Chitin in wall
(soft cell wall)
• Heterotrophic
• Reproduce by
spores
• Ex: mushrooms,
yeasts, bread
mold
Discovered by
Alexander Fleming
In London,England
Discovered in 1929
1st miracle drug
Used to treat
wound infections
3. Plantae
• Eukaryotic
• Multicellular
• Cells with
cellulose in cell
wall
• Autotrophic
• Photosynthetic
• Ex: trees, grass
Official state tree of North Carolina
Can be found in the
southeast United States
The Longleaf Pine can grow
to be 100 feet tall
Produces resin,
turpentine, & timber
4. Animalia
• Eukaryotic
• Multicellular
• Cells without
walls
• Heterotrophic
• Ex: elephants,
tigers, lemurs
Is found in Central Asia
Weighs 77-121 lbs.
1.8-2.3 meters long
Snow leopards are able to kill
prey twice their size.
Snow leopards are nocturnal.
Cubs are born blind.
5 Kingdoms of life
Moneran
•one cell
•prokaryote
•Sessile/motile
•decomposers
& autotrophs
Fungi
• one or many
•Eukaryote
•Sessile
•Takes food
Protist
• One or many
• Eukaryote
• Sessile/motile
• Takes or makes
FOUR QUESTIONS:
1)One or many cells?
2)Prokaryote or Eukaryote?
3)Sessile or Motile?
4)Take or Make food?
Plant
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many cells
Eukaryote
most sessile
makes food
Animal
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many cells
Eukaryote
motile
takes food
5 Kingdoms of life
Moneran
•one cell
•prokaryote
•Sessile/motile
•decomposers
& autotrophs
Fungi
• one or many
•Eukaryote
•Sessile
•Takes food
Protist
• One or many
• Eukaryote
• Sessile/motile
• Takes or makes
Plant
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many cells
Eukaryote
most sessile
makes food
Animal
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many cells
Eukaryote
motile
takes food
Split poster paper into five sections.
One section for each kingdom-Bacteria, Protista,
Fungi, Plantae, Animalia.
Include the following items in each section:
1. Title (name of the kingdom)
2. Description, which includes:
1.
2.
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4.
5.
6.
7.
How they get food (autotrophic –make own food or heterotrophic-get food
from others)
Number of cells (unicellular or multicellular)
Can they move?
Eukaryotic or prokaryotic
Something unique about the kingdom
3 examples from the kingdom
Picture
REVIEW
• What are the 3 domains?
• Eukarya, Archaebacteria, and Eubacteria
• How does a cladogram work?
• Closer organisms are on tree, closer they are
related, more recent common ancestor
• What are the four eukaryotic kingdoms?
Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
Kingdom Comparison Posters
Split poster paper into five sections.
One section for each kingdom-Bacteria, Protista,
Fungi, Plantae, Animalia.
Include the following items in each section:
1. Title (name of the kingdom)
2. Description, which includes:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
How they get food (autotrophic –make own food or
heterotrophic-get food from others)
Number of cells (unicellular or multicellular)
Can they move?
Eukaryotic or prokaryotic
Something unique about the kingdom
Groups
3 examples from the kingdom
of one or
Picture
two
only!!
• Clean up this room!!
• That means…
• No paper or trash on the floor
• Chairs tucked under the desks
• Desks straight
• THANK YOU!!
Cool-Down
1. What are the four eukaryotic kingdoms?
2. A unicellular, prokaryotic organism belongs in
what kingdom?
3. How does a cladogram work?
Warm-Up / EOC Prep
1. The Industrial Revolution had the following effect on
the Peppered Moth population in London:
A The population of all black Peppered Moths increased
B The population of spotted Peppered Moths increased
C Nothing changed
D Both the all black and spotted Peppered Moth
populations increased
2. Which would a breeder use to produce cows
which give more milk?
A artificial selection
B natural selection
C gene mutation D acquired characteristics
Agenda
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Warm-up
Evolution Quiz
Dichotomous Keys
Classification Stations
Finish Kingdom Poster
Clean-up
Cool-down
Let’s say I was using a dichotomous key to identify a tiger,
jaguar, leopard, cheetah, and lion.
1.
A Has spots-go to # 2
B Does not have spots-go to # 3
2.
A Has solid black dots for spots-cheetah.
B Has bigger circular black rings for spots-go to # 4
3.
A Has stripes-tiger
B Does not have stripes-lion
4.
A Inside the black rings there are small black dotsjaguar
B Inside the black rings there are no black dotsleopard
Classification Stations
• Each student needs
– Pen / pencil
– One sheet of paper to write your answers on
• Be sure to label which questions go with which stations!
• Rotate among the stations … (there are 10)
– Answer all the questions
– Identify each snowman
• Make sure you turn it in before you leave!
1.Write a number down 1-9
2.Add this to the next higher number
3.Add 9
4.Divide by 2
5.subtract your starting number.
What number do you end up with?
Snowman Dichotomous Key
1. a. Snowman has a hat-go to 2.
b. Snowman does not have a
hat-go to 3.
2. a. has a carrot nose-go to 4.
b. has a circle charcoal nose-go
to 5.
3. a. Has a scarf-go to 6
b. Does not have a scarf-go to
7.
4. a. Has two arms-go to 8.
b. Has one arm-Jack
5. a. Has buttons on the middlego to 9
b. Does not have buttonsDave
6. a. Has a striped scarf-go to 10
b. Has a solid scarf-Becky
7. a. Has one arm-Maggie
b. Has no arms-Mike
8. a. Has mittens-Bob
b. Does not have mittensJosh
9. a. Has a charcoal mouthMegan
b. Does not have a charcoal
mouth-Ashley
10. a. Has boots and buttonsJesse
b. Has no boots or buttonsLiz
5 Kingdoms of life
Moneran
•one cell
•prokaryote
•Sessile/motile
•decomposers
& autotrophs
Fungi
• one or many
•Eukaryote
•Sessile
•Takes food
Protist
• One or many
• Eukaryote
• Sessile/motile
• Takes or makes
Plant
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many cells
Eukaryote
most sessile
makes food
Animal
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many cells
Eukaryote
motile
takes food
Split poster paper into five sections.
One section for each kingdom-Bacteria, Protista,
Fungi, Plantae, Animalia.
Include the following items in each section:
1. Title (name of the kingdom)
2. Description, which includes:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
How they get food (autotrophic –make own food or heterotrophic-get food
from others)
Number of cells (unicellular or multicellular)
Can they move?
Eukaryotic or prokaryotic
Something unique about the kingdom
3 examples from the kingdom
Picture
Cool-Down
1. What are the four eukaryotic kingdoms?
2. A unicellular, prokaryotic organism belongs in
what kingdom?
3. How does a cladogram work?
• Clean up this room!!
• That means…
• No paper or trash on the floor
• Chairs tucked under the desks
• Desks straight
• THANK YOU!!
Warm-Up / EOC Prep
1. A genetic pedigree showing that only males are
affected by a certain disorder is evidence of what type
of inheritance?
A. Dominant
B. Sex-linked
C. Recessive
D. Passive
2. Genetic information usually flows in one specific
direction. Which of the following best represents this
flow?
A. DNAproteinRNA
B. ProteinRNADNA
C. RNAproteinDNA
D. DNARNAprotein
Agenda
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Warm-up
Kingdom Comparison Chart
Mid-term Exam Review
Clean-up
Cool-down
Warm-Up / EOC Prep
1. In humans, brown eyes (B) are dominant to blue eyes (b).
A blue-eyed man marries a heterozygous brown-eyed
woman. What genotypes will their children have?
A. All bb
B. All BB
C. All Bb
D. Bb and bb
2. Which two scientists are credited with the discovery of
the double helix as the structure of DNA?
A. Gregor Mendel and Charles Darwin
B. John Wilson and Frank Cartwright
C. James Watson and Francis Crick
D. Carl Linnaeus and James Watson
Agenda
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Warm-up
BINGO review
Mid-term Exam
Clean-up
Cool-down
BINGO Words- Day 1
1. Bacteria
2. Relative dating
3. Charles Darwin
4. Natural selection
5. Lipid
6. Protein
7. Substrate
8. Enzyme
9. Double helix
10.Chloroplast
11.Vacuole
12.Cell membrane
14.Gamete
15.Meiosis
16.mRNA
17.RNA
18.Sex-linked
19.Neutral
20.Mitochondria
21.Osmosis
22.Cellular respiration
23.Photosynthesis
24.Active transport
Warm-Up / EOC Prep
1. Gilly weed normally has 12 chromosomes in the body
cells. How many chromosomes will an egg cell of the
weed have?
A. 6 chromosomes
B. 12 chromosomes
C. 18 chromosomes
D. 24 chromosomes
2. Photosynthesis is important for almost all life on Earth
because it
A. Produces oxygen
B. Uses simple elements
C. Is responsible for most decay
D. Releases usable forms of nitrogen
Agenda
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Warm-up
BINGO review
Mid-term Exam
Clean-up
Cool-down
BINGO Words- Day 2
1. Independent variable
2. Protein synthesis
3. Organelle
4. Prokaryotic
5. Eukaryotic
6. Carbohydrate
7. Lipid
8. ATP
9. Nucleic acid
10.Enzyme
11.Plant cell
12.Homeostasis
14.Recessive
15.Karyotype
16.Oxygen
17.Mitosis
18.Interphase
19.Prophase
20.Metaphase
21.Anaphase
22.Telophase
23.Photosynthesis
24.Mutation