Transcript Classification

Classification
Beginnings of Classification
 Classification
 Grouping
of living things
according to similar characteristics
 Early systems
 Walk, swim, fly
 Flesh, fur, scales
 Poisonous, nutritious, inedible
Classification
 Taxonomy
 taxo
- arrangement or order
 -onomy - system of laws
 Aristotle classified organisms by
the way they moved
Polynomial Nomenclature
 1600’s – similar species put in common
groups called genera (genus)
 Each
species was given a long name
 Polynomial=genus name plus several
descriptive words (Latin)
 Plant catnip = Nepeta floribus interrupte
spicatus pedunculatis
Binomial Nomenclature
 1700’s – Carolus
Linnaeus



Used genus and
species name
Called binomial
nomenclature
Bi = 2 nomia =
name
 Wolf = Canis lupus
 Dog = Canis
familiaris
 Human = Homo
sapiens
Scientific Names
 Always in italics
 Genus and species names
 First letter of the genus name is
capitalized
 All other letters are lower case
 Example: wolf: Canis lupus
Modern Classification
 Advances in microscopes and
evolution have allowed for greater
insight into classification
 Modern classification does two jobs:
 Groups organisms by basic
characteristics
 Gives each organism a unique
name
Modern Classification
 Advances in microscopes and
evolution have allowed for greater
insight into classification
 Modern classification does two jobs:
 Groups organisms by basic
characteristics
 Gives each organism a unique
name
Levels of Classification
 Domain
 Kingdom
 Phylum
 Class
 Order
 Family
 Genus
 Species
Continent
Country
State
County
City
Street
House number
Room
The Six Kingdoms
The Six Kingdoms
Create a flowchart that begins with the broadest level and
becomes more specific.
Create a flowchart that begins with the broadest level and
becomes more specific.
Level 1 (most broad)
This classification system
has 5 levels. Each level is
more specific than the last.
Level 2
Level 3
Level 4
Level 5 (most specific)
Let’s classify the following animals:
The Six Kingdoms
*NOTE: Your worksheet lists two of the
kingdoms as Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
How Are Evolutionary
Relationships Determined
 Structural similarities:
 Closely
related organisms have similar
structures.
Retracting claws = cat family.
 Sunflowers and dandelions = Asteraceae.

– Disk and ray flowers.
How Are Evolutionary
Relationships Determined
 Breeding behavior:
 Mating
behaviors can prevent different
species from mating.
How Are Evolutionary
Relationships Determined
 Geographic distribution:
 Finches
on Galapagos share a common
ancestor.

Supported by probable isolation.
How Are Evolutionary
Relationships Determined
 Chromosome comparisons:
 Closely
related = similar number and
structure of chromosomes.
 Cauliflower, cabbage, kale, and broccoli –
chromosomes almost identical.
How Are Evolutionary
Relationships Determined
 Biochemistry:
 Closely
related = similar DNA sequences
and proteins.
 DNA sequences suggest red pandas are
related to raccoons and giant pandas to
bears.
Phylogenetic Classification
 Phylogeny: evolutionary history of a
species.
 Classification is based on phylogeny.
Cladistics Uses Phylogeny
 Organisms which evolve from a
common ancestor share unique
characteristics.
 Cladogram: branching diagram
showing relationship through evolution.
Six-kingdom System

Based on three criteria:
The number of cells
2. Presence or absence of nucleus
3. Mode of nutrition
1.
Prokaryotes: Two Kingdoms
 Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
 Prokaryotes
 Most
are single celled
 Autotrophs or heterotrophs
Archaebacteria
 Few hundred species.
 Live in extreme environments.
 Swamps, deep-ocean hydrothermal vents,
seawater evaporating ponds.
 Lipids, cell walls and DNA sequences
are considerably different from other
prokaryotes.
 Genes have more similar structure to
eukaryotes.
Eubacteria
 All other bacteria: more than 10,000
species.
 Less complex genetics than
archaebacteria or eukaryotes.
 Some cause diseases (strep throat and
pneumonia) but most are harmless and
many are helpful.
Bacteria
Kingdom Protista
 Eukaryotes
 Single celled
 Sexual reproduction by meiosis
 Autotrophs or heterotrophs
Protists - Eukaryotes
Kingdom Fungi
 Eukaryotes
 Single cell or multicellular
 Absorb nutrients from other organisms
Fungi
Kingdom Animalia
 Eukaryotes
 Multicellular
 Heterotrophs
 Most are mobile
Kingdom Plantae
 Eukaryotes
 Most are immobile
 Multicellular or single-celled
 Have cell walls
 Photosynthetic
 Autotrophs