Transcript Internet Fiber Optics

Internet Fiber Optics
By Daniel Dick
Introduction
 What Fiber Optics mean to computers
in the past, present & future. Also
included are the advantages &
disadvantages of fiber optics.
Objectives
 Past History
 Present Applications
 FTTN
 FTTP
 BPON
 GPON
 Advantages & Disadvantages
 Future Potential
Past History
 In 1870, John Tyndall, using a jet of water
that flowed from one container to another
and a beam of light, demonstrated that
light used internal reflection to follow a
specific path. As water poured out through
the spout of the first container, Tyndall
directed a beam of sunlight at the path of
the water. The light, as seen by the
audience, followed a zigzag path inside the
curved path of the water. This simple
experiment marked the first research into
the guided transmission of light.
History
 Early success came during the 1950’s with
the development of the fiberscope. This
image-transmitting device, which used the
first practical all-glass fiber, was
concurrently devised by Brian O’Brien at
the American Optical Company and
Narinder Kapany (who first coined the term
“fiber optics” in 1956) and colleagues at the
Imperial College of Science and Technology
in London.
History
 Semiconductor lasers were first
realized in 1962; these lasers are the
type most widely used in fiber optics
today.
History
 In 1970, Drs. Robert Maurer, Donald
Keck, and Peter Schultz of Corning
succeeded in developing a glass fiber
that exhibited attenuation at less
than 20 dB/km, the threshold for
making fiber optics a viable
technology. It was the purest glass
ever made.
History
 The U.S. military moved quickly to
use fiber optics for improved
communications and tactical systems.
In the early 1970’s, the U.S. Navy
installed a fiber optic telephone link
aboard the U.S.S. Little Rock.
History
 In 1977, both AT&T and GTE installed
fiber optic telephone systems in
Chicago and Boston respectively.
These successful applications led to
the increase of fiber optic telephone
networks.
History
 In 1998, researchers transmitted 100
simultaneous optical signals, each at a data
rate of 10 gigabits (giga means billion) per
second for a distance of nearly 250 miles
(400 km). In this experiment, dense
wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM
technology, which allows multiple
wavelengths to be combined into one
optical signal, increased the total data rate
on one fiber to one terabit per second
(1012 bits per second).
History
 Nearly half a billion people have Internet
access and use it regularly. Some 40 million
or more households are “wired.”
 The increase in fiber transmission capacity
has grown by a factor of 200 in the last
decade.
 The push to bring broadband services,
including data, audio, and especially video,
into the home is well underway.
Present Applications
 FTTC
 Fiber To The Curb or Fiber To The
Cabinet (FTTC) refers to a
telecommunications system based on
fiber-optic cables run to a platform that
serves several customers. Each of these
customers has a connection to this
platform via coaxial cable or twisted pair.
Present Applications
 BPON (Broadband Passive Optical Network)
is a standard based on APON. It adds
support for WDM, dynamic and higher
upstream bandwidth allocation, and
survivability.
 Standard ITU-T G.983 is referred to as
Broadband PON, or BPON. A typical
APON/BPON provides 622 megabits per
second (Mbit/s) of downstream bandwidth
and 155 Mbit/s of upstream traffic,
although the standard accommodates
higher rates.
Present Applications
 FTTP
 Fiber to the Premises (FTTP) or Fiber to
the Home (FTTH) is a broadband
telecommunications system based on
fiber-optic cables and associated optical
electronics for delivery of multiple
advanced services such as the triple play
of telephone, broadband Internet and
television all the way to the home or
business.
Present Applications
 The ITU-T G.984 (GPON) standard
represents a boost in both the total
bandwidth and bandwidth efficiency
through the use of larger, variablelength packets. A GPON network
delivers up to 2,488 Gbits per second
(Gbit/s) of downstream bandwidth,
and 2,488 Gbit/s of upstream
bandwidth.
Present Applications
 Service providers using PON include Verizon
(FiOS), AT&T (U-Verse), and several
greenfield development networks. Packages
start at $35/month for a “slower” 5 Mbps
Verizon FIOS connection. At the higher end
of the spectrum, a blazing 50 Mbps
connection is available at $159/month in
some areas while only $89/month for other
more competitive markets.
Present Applications
Advantages
 Less expensive-Several miles of
optical cable can be made cheaper
than equivalent lengths of copper
wire. This saves your provider (cable
TV, Internet) and you money.
 Thinner
 Higher carrying capacity
Advantages
 Low power - Because signals in optical
fibers degrade less, lower-power
transmitters can be used instead of the
high-voltage electrical transmitters needed
for copper wires. This saves your provider
and you money.
 Digital signals - Optical fibers are ideally
suited for carrying digital information,
which is especially useful in computer
networks.
Advantages
 Non-flammable
 Lightweight
 Less signal degradation
Disadvantages
 Cost to install
 More delicate than copper wire,
making them easy to break and
difficult to manipulate.
Future Potential
 Fiber optic technology’s immense
potential bandwidth, 50 THz or
greater, makes for extraordinary
possibilities for the distant future of
fiber optic applications.
Future Potential
 Fiber-optic technology deployment costs
are decreasing, making this technology a
competitor to existing services. KMI
Research forecasts that the total FTTP
market for equipment, cable, and
apparatus will reach $3.2 billion in 2009.
 In the near future, FTTP, also referred to as
Extreme Broadband, will deliver
performance speeds exceeding 100 Mbps
downstream.
Conclusion
 Fiber optics are now the standard by
which communications are measured
by and will be for years to come. The
potential for computing applications is
endless with ever increasing
download and upload speeds. The
use of fiber optics continues to grow
with no end in sight.