Transcript Power Point Notes of Eukaryotic Cells

The Cell
The basic unit of life
What is a cell & why is it called
the basic unit of life?
Levels of Organization
Cell
The basic unit of life
Tissue
Group of cells working together
Organ
Group of tissues working together
Organ System
Group of organs working together
Organism
Any living thing made of 1 or more cells
The basic unit of life
• In 1665, Robert Hooke, first to
identify cells. He said they looked
like little rooms in a monk’s
monastery.
• This is a drawing he made of the cork
cells
Leeuwenhoek’s Microscope
Anton Van
Leeuwenhoek
used a single-lens
microscope to
view pond water
and other things.
Cell Theory
• It wasn’t long before scientists
realized that all living things were
made up of cells. This discovery
brought about the formulation of the
cell theory.
The Cell Theory States
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All living things are made of cells.
Cells are the basic units of structure and
function in living things.
New cells are produced from existing cells.
3 Important Scientists who contributed to the
cell theory
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Matthias Schleiden
Theodore Schwann
Rudolf Virchow
Types of Cells
• Cells are classified as
prokaryotic or
eukaryotic.
• Prokaryotic cells have
genetic material that
is not inside a
nucleus (no nucleus).
• Eukaryotic cells have
genetic materials in a
nucleus. (“true”
nucleus)
Prokaryotic Cells
• Very simple in structure
• DOES NOT contain a
membrane bound nucleus
• Example would be
Bacteria.
- flagella: used for
movement
- pilus: small hair like
projections used for
attaching to other cells
- Capsule: tough outer
layer used for protection
Eukaryotic Cell
Structure
What is an organ?
What is an organelle?
Organelle = “little organs” that
carry out cell functions
Organelle List
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Plasma Membrane
Cell Wall
Ribosomes
Chloroplasts
Cytoskeleton
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Vacuole
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Maintains homeostasis
Supports & protects cell
Makes proteins
Produces food in plants
Provides internal support
Chemical Reactions
Sorts & Packages proteins
Digests material
Transforms energy = ATP
Control Center
Storage
Cellular Boundaries
• Plasma Membrane – selectively permeable
– Phospholipid bilayer
– Fluid Mosaic
• Helps maintain homeostasis
• Controls what enters & exits
• Cell wall – found in plants & bacteria cells –
provides support & protection
Cell Wall
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
Plasma Membrane
Nucleus
• The “control center” of the cell
• The master set of directions for making proteins
is contained on chromatin, which are strands of
DNA
• Within in the nucleus is a prominent structure
called the nucleolus, which makes ribosomes
• Ribosomes = produce proteins by putting
together amino acids
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
The clear, gelatin like substance inside the cell
The JELLO of the cell
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Transport system,
“intracellular highway”
• Series of folded
membranes
• Connected to the Nucleus
• Rough ER – studded
with ribosomes
• Smooth ER – not
studded
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
• Processes, packages and secretes
proteins in membrane-bound
structures, called vesicles
– Then sent to the appropriate destination
• If sent out of the cell it is called exocytosis
– UPS of the cell
Golgi Apparatus
Vacuoles
• Used for storage
– A sac that stores:
• Water
• Food
• Enzymes
• Waste
Plant
Very large in
plant cells, also
used for
support
Animal
Lysosomes
• Contains digestive
enzymes
– Digest
• Excess or worn out
organelles
• Food particles
• Engulfed viruses or
bacteria
Chloroplasts
• Found only in Plant Cells
• Capture light energy and
convert it to chemical
energy
• Double membrane sac
that contains chlorophyll
Formula for photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O (+ light energy) 
C6H12O6 + 6O2
C6H12O6 = Glucose
Mitochondria
• Found in both plant &
animal cell
• “Powerhouse” of the cell
• Double membrane sac
that contains enzymes for
cellular respiration
• Turns food into a useable
energy
– This energy is called ATP
(adenosine triphosphate)
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 +
6H2O + Energy.
Support
Cytoskeleton – the
structure that is used
for support
• Forms the frame-work
for the cell
– Microtubules
• Thin, hollow cylinders
made of protein
– Microfilaments
• Smaller, solid protein
fibers
Cilia & Flagella
• Cilia
– Short hair-like projections
• Flagella
– Longer projections that move with a whiplike motion
Review
• Compare & Contrast Plant cell and
Animal Cell
• Distinguish between a Prokaryotic Cell
and a Eukaryotic Cell
NAME THE ORGANELLE
a. Nucleus
c. Golgi body
b. Chloroplast
d. Mitochondria
1- Nucleus
2- Chromosomes
3- Mitochondria
4- Ribosomes
5- Chloroplasts
6- Vacuoles
7- Golgi Apparatus
8- Cell
Membrane
In all plant and animal cells, the nucleus contains
long molecules of DNA. Which of the following
best describes the function of DNA?
A) DNA provides the shape and structure of the
nucleus.
B) DNA packages materials for transport through
the nucleus.
C) DNA carries materials into and out of the
nucleus.
D) DNA contains the blueprint for producing the
whole organism.
The diagram shows different parts of a
human sperm cell. Which part of the cell is
most likely specialized for mobility?
A) Q
B) R
C) S
D) T
Which of these is a function of the cell
membrane in all cells?
A) Producing cellular nutrients
B) Preserving cellular wastes
C) Neutralizing chemicals
D) Maintaining homeostasis
The information in the box identifies some of
the organs of the kitten. Which of the
following is identical for every cell in each
of the four organs?
A) Amount of ATP
B) Function of cell
C) Size of cells
D) Genes in DNA