Transcript TEST REVIEW: Microscope, Cell, Viruses, Bacteria and

TEST REVIEW: Microscope, Cell, Viruses,
Bacteria and Protista
GENERAL TERMS:
Prokaryotic cells- primitive cell that lacks a
nucleus and other cell organelles, only found in the
bacteria domains.
Eukaryotic cells- cell that contains a nucleus and
cell organelles, found in the Kingdom Protista,
Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
Terms from the Plasmolysis Lab
Homeostasis The ability of a cell or an organism to
maintain internal equilibrium (balance) by adjusting
its physiological processes (EX- breathing & heart
rate).
Osmosis: (Add to comp. Book) the movement of
water molecules through a membrane from an area of
high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Cell membranes are completely permeable to water,
therefore, the environment the cell is exposed to can
have a dramatic effect on the cell.
Turgid- describes a cell that is properly hydrated
Flaccid- describes a cell that is dehydrated
Isotonic Solutions:(Add to comp. Book) contain the same
concentration of solute as another solution (e.g. the cell's
cytoplasm). When a cell is placed in an isotonic solution,
the water diffuses into and out of the cell at the same
rate. The fluid that surrounds the body cells is isotonic.
Hypertonic Solutions: contain a high concentration of
solute relative to another solution (e.g. the cell's
cytoplasm). When a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution,
the water diffuses out of the cell, causing the cell to
shrivel.
Hypotonic Solutions: contain a low concentration of
solute relative to another solution (e.g. the cell's
cytoplasm). When a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution,
the water diffuses into the cell, causing the cell to swell
and possibly explode.
Important Medical Terms:
Antibiotics- type of drug that destroys
microbes in the human body
Antibiotic resistant bacteria- harmful
bacteria that are not effected by the
drug designed to destroy them, caused by
bacterial DNA mutations during
treatment
Microscopes: Expect to see this on the test
Microscope continues:
2. Total magnification is the power of the eyepiece
multipled times the power of the objective being
used.
2.1 Focus on the object using the low power (4X) objective
and the coarse adjustment knob. Adjust the light using the
diaphragm. Make certain the spot you want to view is in the
center of your field of vision.
Switch to the medium (10X)power objective and focus using
the fine adjustment knob. Adjust the light. When the object
is clearly in focus, move the spot you want to view to the
center of your field of vision.
c.
Carefully switch to the high power (40X) objective and
focus using the fine adjustment knob ONLY. Adjust the light.
Center if needed.
Microscope basic rules:
10 cm from table edge
Between you and your partner
Always begin focusing using the low power objective.
Do not use the high power objective when you
are not using a cover slip.
Do not move the microscope; instead, students
should move over to the microscope.
Do not remove a lens or unscrew any parts.
When finished, lower the stage (or raise the
nosepiece), return to the low power objective, turn
off the light source and cover the microscope and
return to correct location.
Microscope continues:
Wet mount slide- drop of water, item wanting to
view, glass slide cover lowered at an angle onto the
water to minimize air bubbles.
Carry a microscope by grapping the arm of the
scope with one hand, raise scope to place other
hand under the base, and carry close to chest.
Viruses:Viral Replication Steps (possible essay)
1. Attachment – virus attaches to the outside of
the cell
2. Penetration – host cell allows virus to enter
3. Uncoating- the virus releases its genetic
material into the cell’s cytoplasm
4. Takes Over and Replication– viral DNA takes
over the host’s DNA and the cell is forced to
make copies of the virus.
5. Assembe – the cell puts the viral components
together creating 100’s of new viruses
6. Release- newly created viruses leave the cell by
budding out through the membrane or by
erupting the cell membrane (called lysis).
Is a virus a Living Organism? Some say no
some may say yes
NO, because they………………
1. Do not take in or release energy
2. Do not grow
3. Do not move on its own
4. cannot reproduce on their own
Yes because… (you fill in the blank)
The current theory is, viruses are cell “pieces
or parts”, that were cast out of or left cells
which they need to return to so they can
replicate them.
Two Main Types of Viruses
Enveloped and Non-enveloped
Enveloped virus have a lipid bilayer membrane
on the outside. They get this membrane from
the cell they infected as the bud out of the
cell.
Non-enveloped virus only have a protein capsid
layer on the outside.
Animal and Plant Cells
(study the cells on the back of the cell reading)
So, study the diagrams on the back of
the Cell HW
3 Basic Concepts of the Cell Theory
1. All organisms are made of one or
more cells
2. All cells carry on life activities
3. New cells are created by other
living cells by the process of cell
division.
(possible essay!!!!)
Function of Cellular Components
(possible multiple choice or matching)
Cell/plasma membrane
Cell wall
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Vacuoles
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Golgi Bodies/Apparatus
Lysosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
(rough/smooth)
DNA
Cilia/Flagilla
5 Phases
Mitosis and
Description
(possible
diagram/phases
matching and
multiple choices)
Interphase
Monerans are Bacteria that are
classified into three shapes
• Coccus - spherical
• Bacillus – rod or pill shape
• Spirillum – short corkscrew shape
(next slides show shapes, know them for the test)
Coccus
Bacillus
Spirillum
Morphology (structure)
of Monerans
Pay attention to the following:
Prokaryotes
No nucleus
No organelles
They do have:
Cell Wall
Capsule (on some)
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Flagella (movement)
Cilia
4 ways bacteria obtain energy
• Autotrophs:Chemotroph
breakdown inorganic
elements
• Heterotrophs eat other
living things
• Sapotrophs decompose
once living things
• Autotrophs:Phototrophs
uses sunlight and CO2
to make their food
Chemotrophs
Sapotrophs = Decomposers
Heterotrophs
Autotrophs
Endospore = “ENDO’s Fo Sho”
(Stay in doors (endo’s) for sure (fo sho)
until the environment is suitable for life)
• Thick protective wall that
encloses the bacteria’s DNA
and part of the cytoplasm
• This is used to keep the bacteria
safe during times of stress (no
water, no food, no space…etc)
• They are resistant to radiation,
dessication (drying out), and
temperature.
• They can survive for hundreds
of years, if not thousands of
years
Bacteria’s Beneficial Side
Products
• Sapotrophs (bacteria of
decay)
• Fermentation of foods in
the human intestines by
some bacteria
• Nitrogen fixing bacteria
extract nitrogen from the
air that plants then use.
Legumes have a
symbiotic relationship
with these bacteria.
• Some bacteria produce
vinegar
• Bacteria help produce
yogurt and cheese
• Bacteria make the
antibiotics we use to
kill harmful bacteria
that enter our bodies
and make us sick
Protista
General Characteristics: unicellular,
contain a nucleus (eukaryotic), most live
in watery environments, generally live
as individuals, but some live in colonies,
autotrophic or heterotrophic
3 Categories of Protists:
• Animal-like
• Plant-like
• Fungus-like
(categorized by how they obtain their
energy)
Animal-like Protists:
• Sarcodines- use pseudopods and engulf
their food
• Ciliates- use cilia to move and to sweep
food particles into their oral groove
• Zooflagellates- use a whip-like flagellum
• Sporozoans- can not move on own and are
parasitic
Protists Question #5
Skip this question.
How are plant-like protists important
to humans?
70% of Earth’s oxygen is supplied by
plant-like protists
Cell Part
Prokaryotic
Cell
Eukaryotic
Cell
Cell Wall
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
DNA
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Golgi
Apparatus
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Prokaryote
Protista
Fungi
Plant
Animal