Transcript From Smoke Signals to the Internet: The History of

From Smoke Signals to the Internet:
The History of Communications
Infrastructures
Randy H. Katz
UMC Distinguished Professor
Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Dept.
University of California, Berkeley
© 2000
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History of Communications
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The Dream
Early state-sponsored R&D
Creative destruction
Scientific discoveries to practical
application
• Brilliant inventors and large corporations
• The legal system
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Muscle Powered Communications
• Human messengers on foot or horseback
– “Command and Control” between capital and field
– 490 BC: Phidippides—Marathon to Athens with
news of victory over Persians (26.2 miles)
– 14 AD: Roman relays—50 miles per day for regular
mail, 100 miles per day for express mail
– 1280 AD: Kublai Khan—200-250 miles per day
“Poste Haste”— “Fast Post” —riders signal by horns
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Visual Communications
• Heliographs
• Flags
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Fire Beacons
150 BC: Polybius
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1 2 3
A B C
F G H
L M N
Q R S
V W X
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D
IJ
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Y
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E
K
P
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Z
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The Optical Telegraph
• Claude Chappe, 1763-1805
Early Defense
Contractor
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Emergence of a Network
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Scientific Advances
• Late 18th—Early 19th Century
– Relationship between electricity and magnetism
– Oersted (Copenhagen): electricity’s ability to
deflect a needle
– 1831, Faraday (Royal Institution, London):
electromagnetic induction
Politician: “But what’s the use of it, Mr. Faraday?”
Faraday: “Ah, but what use is a baby?”
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The Electrical Telegraph
• Wheatstone and Cooke
Railroad Telegraph
1837
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Samuel Morse
Morse Code
1837
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Dots and Dashes Span the Globe
– 1852: First international
telegram
– Reuters establishes TNN
– 1858: Cyrus Field lays first
transatlantic cable—Line
fails!
– 1866: New cable &
technology by Prof. W.
Thompson (Lord Kelvin)
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Scientific Background
James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879)
"... we have strong reason to conclude
that light itself -- including radiant heat,
and other radiations if any -- is an e/m
disturbance in the form of waves
propagated through the e/m field
according to e/m laws." 1864.
Heinrich Hertz (1857 - 1894)
– 1880s: Demonstrated wave character
of electrical transmission in space
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Wireless Telegraphy
Guglielmo Marconi
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Wireless and Warfare
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The Telegraph Learns to Speak
Alexander Graham Bell
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Bell’s Early Telephones
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Building the Network
Almon Brown
Strowger
(1839 - 1902)
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“Ma Bell”
• Bell’s patents expire in 1890s; over 6000
independent operators emerge
– 1910: Bell System controls 50% local
phone market
– 1913: AT&T & U.S.—Kingsbury Agreement:
Regulated monopoly promising "universal”
telephone service; Controls “toll” services in U.S.
– Long distance interconnection—
a competitive weapon
– 1950: Bell System—84% of local phone access
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Bell Telephone
Equipment
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Making the Airwaves Sing
John Fleming (1849-1945)
Lee DeForest (1873-1961)
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Scientific Genius of Radio
Edwin Howard Armstrong
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Commercial Genius of Radio
David Sarnoff and RCA
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Early Comms
Devices
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Seeing at a Distance: Television
John Logie Baird
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Electrical/Mechanical Systems
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Forgotten Genius of Television
Philo T.
Farnsworth
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Vladimir K.
Zworykin
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Packet Switching
Paul Baran
Donald Davies
ARPANet
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ARPANet Becomes Internet
Robert Kahn
& Vint Cerf
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What Comes Next?
• Deregulation
• Convergence
• Divergence
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