Transcript File

Bell Work
• A teratogen is a(an)
A.
B.
C.
D.
fertilized egg that undergoes rapid cell division
chromosomal abnormality.
hormonal abnormality.
substance that can cross the placental barrier
and harm the unborn child.
E. stage between embryo and fetus.
• Zygote (egg and sperm fuse together) 
Embryo (once cell begins to divide)  Fetus
(week 8 of pregnancy onward)
• Neonatal-first two weeks of life
Freud
• Oedipus Complex—young boys sexual desire
for mother and hostility towards father
– Young girls—Elektra Complex
two weeks of life
• Harvard President Lawrence Summers claimed
in a controversial speech that women do not
have the math ability to succeed in science
and engineering (2005).
Meta-Analysis
• A quantitative literature review
• A method for quantitatively combining the
results of numerous studies on a given
question
• Tells us not only whether there is a difference,
but also how big it is
Effect Size
• An effect size is a quantitative measure of the
strength of a phenomenon.
– Correlation between two variables
– Mean difference
– Risk
• A larger absolute value=stronger
effect/correlation
Effect Size for the Size of Sex
Difference
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d=Mm-Mf/Sw
Mm=Mean score males
Mf=Mean score females
Sw=standard deviation
Guidelines for Interpreting Effect Sizes
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.10=trivial
.20=small
.50=medium
.80=large
Strongest Predictors of Mathematics
Achievement at Age 10
• Mother’s Education=.5
• Home learning environment=.4
• Quality of Elementary School & Socio-Economic
Status=.35
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Guidelines for Interpreting Effect Sizes
.10=trivial
.20=small
.50=medium
.80=large
• In the U.S. today, what percentage of
bachelor’s degrees in mathematics go to
women?
48%
Meta-Analysis State Assessments,
2008
• 7 million children
• Range of -0.02 and 0.06
• Overall=d=.0065
Boys and girls now perform equally
in standardized math tests.
More men are in the “upper tail”
Meta-Analysis of Sex Differences
• Reasoning
– Adolescent boys are better at mechanical reasoning (12.6%)
• Recent attempts to include test questions pertaining to kitchen
implements and other topics about which women are more familiar
have significantly reduced the difference.
– Mental rotation (9.4%)
– Adolescent girls are better at spelling (4.8%) and language
arts (3.8%)
– Boys are better at science (2.5%)
• Aggression
– Adolescent and adult men are more assertive (6.1%) and
aggressive (3.6%).
• Verbally (2.8%) and physically (7.1%)
– Women are more likely to use indirect aggression (2.9%)
Meta-Analysis of Sex Differences
• Social Relationships
– Adolescent and adult women are more trusting (3.0%), agreeable and
tender (17.2%)
– Women are more likely to smile (3.8%), especially in social situations
(5.0%).
– They are also more neurotic and anxious (2.5%).
– Women are better at speaking (2.7%) and recognizing the emotions of
others (3.0%).
– Men are more likely to interrupt during a conversation (2.7%).
– Men are more likely to help others in distress (12.0%).
• Sexuality
– Body image is a greater concern for women in forming their self-esteem
(7.8%).
– Men are more likely to masturbate (18.7%). Casual sex is more
appealing to men than women (14.1%).
• There are 28 notable psychological sex differences
• Yet even the notable, replicable, psychological sex differences
reveal sex accounts for only about 7% of who we are. Differences
within sexes are far greater than differences between sexes.
Oral Stage
• Seek pleasure
through out mouths.
• Babies put
everything in their
mouths (0-2).
• People fixated in
this stage tend to
overeat, smoke or
have a childhood
dependence on
things.
Anal Stage
• Develops during
toilet training (2-4).
• Focused on
controlling and
expelling waste.
• A person fixated
may become overly
controlling (including
compulsive neatness)
or out of control
(including messy).
Phallic Stage
• Children first
recognize their
gender (4-7).
• Causes conflict in
families with the
Oedipus and Electra
Complexes.
• Fixation can cause
later problems in
relationships, or
overdependence on
mother/father.
Latency Stage
• Libido/sex drive is
hidden (7-11).
• “Boys/girls have
cooties”
• Freud believed that
fixation in this
stage could lead to
sexual issues (e.g.,
impotence, erectile
dysfunction).
Genital Stage
• Libido is focused on
their genitals (12death).
• Freud thought
fixation in this stage
is normal. It’s if you
never progressed
past the previous
stages that causes
problems