Transcript Ch 1 The Study of Gender 1 Ch 2 Researching Sex and Gender

Theories of Gender
Development
Ch 5
Chapter Overview
I.
II.
III.
Directed Free Writing
“Quiz”
Theories of Gender Development
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
IV.
V.
Psychodynamic
Social Learning Theory
Cognitive Developmental Theory
Gender Schema Theory
Gender Script Theory
Y.J.U.
Which one is best?
I. Directed Free Writing
What do women really want?
Bring to class
Button, needle, thread
Hair curlers
Electric iron and shirt
Necktie
Shoe polish
Screwdriver, board, and screw
II. “Quiz”
1. Freud thought women were
inferior to men.
True
2. All girls wish that they had a
penis.
According to Freud, true.
3. Boys work toward separation
from mother, rejecting femininity
and girls retain connectedness
with mother, becoming feminine.
According to Chodorow, true.
4. Boys are punished for having
feminine traits and rewarded for
having masculine traits.
According to Social Learning
Theory, true.
5. There are more boys in cartoons
than girls.
True
6. Parents tend to choose
masculine toys for boys and
feminine or neutral toys for girls,
even when the children are too
young to care.
True
7. Very young children do not have
gender constancy, e.g., they think
that one can change his or her sex
True
8. If you raise a boy to be a girl, he
will act just like a girl.
Watch the video.
9. Sexual stereotyping is good
because it makes it easier to
classify behavior and objects
which can give people feelings
that the environment is
manageable and predictable.
True
10. Sexual stereotyping is bad
because it leads to inaccurate
perceptions of what is acceptable
for men and women to do and it
can cause failures to accept
information that does not fit the
stereotype.
True
III. Theories of Gender Development
A. Psychodynamic
1. Freud
(late 1800’s)
a. What is the
unconscious?
b. What are the
Psychosexual
Stages?
c. What is the
Oedipal Phase?
c. What’s with
Freud and
Women?
2. Karen Horney
a. Social emphasis
b. Changed masculine
bias
•
•
•
•
Penis envy eliminated
Postulated men’s
claim of female
inferiority covers male
feelings of inferiority
Female masochism is
not normal
Women’s problems
are social.
3. Contemporary Psychoanalytic
Theories try to remove the sexist
elements from traditional
psychoanalytic theory and try to
reformulate psychoanalytic
concepts.
a. Nancy
Chododorow
•
•
•
Emphasis on Social
Concentrates on
mother-infant
relationship (preOedipal).
Separation
Differences
•
•
boys have to strive for
separation
girls don’t need the
same amount of
separation.
b. Ellyn Kaschak
• Antigone phase
replaces Oedipus phase
• In a patriarchal family…
• Men who do not
overcome the Oedipus
phase treat women as
extensions of themselves
and their needs
• women who fail to
overcome the Antigone
phase never
acknowledge their own
needs.
Antigone: The plot
• Ellyn Kaschak’ Theory
– Antigone = the caregiver of her father
– Antigone’s relationship w/ her father is like
women’s relationships w/ their fathers/husbands.
– Social structure => subordination of women to men,
=> Antigone dilemma => women are caregivers.
– Men treat women as extensions (aka property) of
themselves. Family violence perpetrated by the
father/husband is based on the privilege derived
from this position. Johnson (1995) called it
“patriarchal terrorism.”
– Women who separate from fathers (resolve
Antigone phase) => more independent..
B. Social Learning Theory:
1. Gender is learned
2. Methods of learning
a. Operant Conditioning: (reinforcement,
and punishment)
b. Albert Bandura
Observational Learning:
Children observe
gender-related
behaviors from
many models &
display appropriate
gender behaviors
due to observation
& modeling.
Kindergarten Cop
Flower Drum Song
Demonstration:
1. List some skills that you have you
developed that are unique to your
gender role.
2. Try something the other gender has to
learn.
3. Write your reaction to this
demonstration.
C. Cognitive Developmental Theory
1. Learning gender-related behaviors is part
of children's cognitive development
2. Developed from Piaget’s Cognitive
Development
a. 0-2 year-olds have no gender identity.
b. Eventually children learn correct labels for
themselves & others.
c. Gender constancy is an important learning
3. Problem: research indicates that gender
constancy does not necessarily develop
before other gender knowledge
4. Advantage: it correctly predicts gender
stereotyping which is common among
children.
D. Gender Schema Theory
1. Children develop schemata for gender.
•
What’s a schema?
2. Gender-related behaviors appear from:
a. general cognitive development
b. adoption of schemata related to gender.
(Children come to understand masculinity and
femininity, and they attend to and come to
behave in ways consistent with their schema.)
3. Gender schemata influence information
processing, memory, and attitudes,
causing gender stereotyping.
Stereotyping
Consistent
Information
Information
Retained
Inconsistent
Information
Information
Mostly
Forgotten or
Seen as an
Exception
Preconceived
Notion of
Group Traits
Stereotype
Strengthened
No Effect
on
Stereotype
IV. YJU: Which one is best?