Transcript CELLS and TISSUES

CELLS and TISSUES
Unit # 3
Basic Sciences
ST 110
Objectives

Identify and name organelles by function

Identify parts of the cell

Identify and describe epithelial, connective, and
muscle tissue
CELLS
Smallest structural units of living things
Can only be seen under a microscope
Vary in size and shape
Simple organisms contain one cell
Cell Composition
CytoplasmPlasma MembraneOrganellesNucleus-
Three Main Parts of the Cell
Plasma Membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Plasma Membrane
Plasma Membrane
Outer boundary of the cell – separates
cytoplasm from interstitial fluid
Encloses cytoplasm
Guarded gateway
Communication device
Identifies cells
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Organelles are small organs with a
specialized function.
RibosomesEndoplasmic reticulum (ER) Golgi apparatusMitochondriaLysosomes- formerly thought to
be responsible for cell death
Centrioles-
Cilia-Flagella
Cilia- hair-like extension
of some cells
Capable of movement
Specialized function
Flagella- single projection
from some cells
Much larger than cilia
Propulsive movements
Ex: human male sperm
Ribosomes
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Constructed mostly of RNA

Some are found attached to endoplasmic
reticulum
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“Protein factories”
Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Series of membranes

Rough ER carry proteins from one part of the
cell to another
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Smooth ER makes new membrane
Golgi Apparatus

Chemically processes molecules from the ER

Packages molecules in vessicles
Mitochondria

“Power plants” of the cell
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Each has its own DNA

Contains enzymes
Lysosomes

Digest food compounds

Digests other materials that enter the cell

Formerly thought to control apoptosis
Centrioles

Two rod-shaped tubes

Plays a large part in cell division
Nucleus
Nucleus

Controls every organelle

Surrounded by a nuclear envelope

Contains nucleoplasm

Nucleolus and chromatin contained within
nucleoplasm
Chromatin
Chromatin granules are
threadlike structures in the nucleus
made of proteins and hereditary
molecules called DNA
 DNA become chromosomes
during mitosis
DNA
DNA – the genetic material “Cookbook”
•Contains code for building structural
and functional proteins
•Determines gender, metabolism, body
build, hair color
•During cell division (mitosis) DNA
molecules tightly coiled and are
called Chromosomes
Cell Structure and Function
Every human cell performs a certain
function
Cell Survival
Body Survival
Cells number differently in types of
organelles
Ex: mitochondria-sustained work
Review
Cells are the ________ structural units
Cells have different _____ and sizes
Cell consist of ______ main parts
Review
Three main parts of the cell
_______ -living matter
 _______ ________ -surrounds
the cell
 ________ -controls organelles,
cell reproduction
Review
Organelles-little organs
_________
Protein factories
_____________
processing/packaging
_________
Power plants
_______________
Transports proteins
_____________
Ingest microbes
___________
Cell reproduction
Cell Motility
______ - Specialized function
________- Propulsive movements
Nucleus
NucleolusChromatin-
DNA
_____ (Cookbook) -Genetic Material
Contains code for structural, functional
proteins
During cell division (Mitosis) DNA molecules
are called _____________ (46 total)
OBJECTIVES
PART #2
 Identify and learn modes of
transportation
 Identify and learn phases of
mitosis (cell division)
Plasma Membrane
Separates contents of the cell from
tissue fluid
Selectively permeable, Allows certain
substances in, keeps other substances
out
•Molecules of water
•Foods
•Gases
•Waste
Transportation
 Passive Transport
 Active Transport -
Requires energy
from ATP page 49
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
Passive Transport

Diffusion- substances scatter themselves evenly
throughout an available space
Osmosis- diffusion of water
 Dialysis- diffusion of solutes


Filtration- movement of water and solutes
through a membrane because of a pushing force
Active Transport
Phago
“eating
up”
 Pino “drink”

Active Transport

Ion pumps- uses ATP to move ions across the
membrane against the concentration gradient

Phagocytosis- permits a cell to engulf foreign
material

Pinocytosis- used to incorporate fluids or
dissolved substances
Cell Reproduction
Chromosomes- Composed largely of DNA
molecules and ultimately determines
the transmission of heritable traits
Genes – a specific segment of
base pairs in a chromosome
RNA- in cytoplasm
DNA- in the nucleus
Transcription and Translation

Transcription- mRNA is formed as a copy of
one side of the DNA molecule

Translation- mRNA is “read” and the correct
amino acids are combined to form a protein
messenger RNA
Transfers genetic information
from the cells nucleus to the
cytoplasm
mRNA is single strand
MITOSIS
Cell division
Two identical daughter cells are produced
Replaces cells that are less fuctional,
damaged, or destroyed
Mitosis has five stages
THE FIVE STAGES OF MITOSIS
1. Interphase
2. Prophase
3. Metaphase
4. Anaphase
5. Telophase
INTERPHASE


Called the “resting phase”
DNA replicate
PROPHASE


First stage – chromatin become organized
Spindle fibers serve as “guidewires”
METAPHASE
nucleolus and nuclear envelope have disappeared
– chromosomes have aligned themselves
across the center of the cell
ANAPHASE


cleavage furrow appears
Newly separated chromosomes move apart
TELOPHASE
Two nuclei appear – cell division is complete
MITOSIS
Mitosis
Mitosis the cell divides
to form two new
daughter cells
Each cell contains all
the genetic information
46 chromosomes in each
cell
vs.
Meiosis
Meiosis is a specialized
Type of cell division
Two cell divisions occur
Four new daughter cells
Are formed
23 chromosomes in each
Cell.
(Half of their original number)
QUESTION??????
What would happen if the body
lost it’s ability to control mitosis?
GENES
A gene is a specific segment of base
pairs
Base pairs are always the same
Base pairs are in different orders
GENETIC CODE
Information in each gene
 Genes control protein and enzyme
production
Enzymes facilitate cellular chemical reactions
Cellular chemical reactions determine cell
structure and function
REVEIW
Plasma Membrane
REVEIW
Transportation of Substances
Active- Requires energy from _____
REVEIW
Transportation of Substances
Passive- No ____ required
DNA
RNA
•
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
•
Ribonucleic Acid
•
In the ______
•
In the ________
Only molecule that
reproduces itself
•
Transfers genetic
information
•
Single Strand
•
•
Double strand
CHROMOSOMES
 Base pairs of DNA
 Humans have 46
 23 form each parent
Cell Division
What is another name for cell division?
What are the five stages of cell division?
CELL DIVISION
_________-
“resting” DNA replicates
_________-
Chromosomes become visible
__________-
Nuclear envelope, nucleus
disappear
_________-
Cleavage furrow appears
_________-
Nuclear envelope of both
Nuclei appear
OBJECTIVES
Part 3
 Identify and learn four types of tissues
Identify and learn Cell Structure and Function
and location
Four types of tissues

Epithelial

Connective

Muscle

Nervous
Epithelial Tissue
 Covers many body parts
 Lines various parts of the body
 Packed close together
 Form continuous sheets
 Contain no blood vessels
 Different shapes and sizes
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
Epithelial cells are classified according to
shape and arrangement of cells
 SquamousCuboidal-
ColumnarTransitional-
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
Epithelial cells are classified according to
shape and arrangement of cells
Simple – single layer
Stratified – many layers
Epithelial Tissue
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Structure-
LocationFunction-
Epithelial Tissue
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Structure-
Location-
Function-
Epithelial Tissue
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Structure-
LocationFunction-
Epithelial Tissue
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Structure-
LocationFunction-
Epithelial Tissue
Stratified
Transitional
StructureLocation-
Function-
Epithelial Tissue
Pseudostratified Epithelium
StructureLocationFunction-
Connective Tissue
 Varied in structure and appearance
Most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body
Connects tissue to each other
Forms supporting framework
Vary in arrangement of cells
Vary amount and type of intercellular
material
Connective Tissue
Areolar
Adipose, fat
Dense Fibrous
Bone
Cartilage
Blood
Hemopoietic
Connective Tissue
Areolar
StructureLocation-
Function-
Connective Tissue
Adipose, fat
StructureLocation-
Function-
Connective Tissue
Dense Fibrous
StructureLocation-
Function-
Connective Tissue
Bone
StructureLocation-
Function-
Connective Tissue
Cartilage
StructureLocation-
Function-
Connective Tissue
Hemopoietic
StructureLocation-
Function-
Muscle
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
Muscle Tissue
Skeletal Striated Voluntary
StructureLocation-
Function-
Muscle Tissue
Cardiac (striated involuntary)
StructureLocation-
Function-
Muscle Tissue
Smooth non striated involuntary or visceral
Structure-
LocationFunction-
Nervous Tissue
Nervous
Structure-
LocationFunctionDendritesAxons-
Review Basic Terms
Squamous
Stratified
Psuedostratified
Columnar
Simple
Transitional
Visceral
Proliferate
Review
What are the four categories in
which tissues are organized?
QUESTIONS ????????
Where can Epithelial tissue be found?
What are the characteristics of Epithelial
Tissue?
Review
What are the four classifications of
Epithelial tissue?
________
Review
Where can Simple Squamous
Epithelium be found?
What is its’ structure?
What is its’ function?
Review
Simple Columnar Epithelium can be found
where?
What is its’ structure ?
What is its’ function ?
Review
Where can Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
be found?
What is its’ structure?
What is its’ function?
Review
Stratified Squamous Epithelium can be found ?
What is its’ structure?
What is its’ function?
Review
Stratified Transitional Epithelium is found ?
What is its’ structure?
What is its’ function?
Review
Pseudostratified Epithelium can be found?
What is its structure?
What is its function?
Review
Where is areolar tissue found ?
What is its structure?
What is its function?
Review
Where is adipose tissue found ?
What is its structure?
What is its function?
Review
Where is dense fibrous tissue found ?
What is its structure?
What is its function?
Review
Where is bone tissue found ?
What is its structure?
What is its function?
Review
Where is cartilage tissue found ?
What is its structure?
What is its function?
Review
Where is blood tissue found ?
What is its structure?
What is its function?
Review
Where is hemopoietic tissue found ?
What is its structure?
What is its function?
Review
Where is muscle (skeletal) tissue found ?
What is its structure?
What is its function?
Review
Where is cardiac muscle (striated
involuntary) tissue found ?
What is its structure?
What is its function?
Review
Where is Smooth visceral muscle tissue
found ?
What is its structure?
What is its function?
Review
Where is Nervous tissue found ?
What is its structure?
What is its function?
Review
Cells are the ________ structural units
Cells have different _____ and sizes
Cells consist of ______ main parts
Review
Three main parts of the cell
_______ -living matter
 _______ ________ -surrounds
the cell
 ________ -controls organelles,
cell reproduction
Review
Organelles-little organs
_________
Protein factories
_____________
processing/packaging
_________
Power plants
_______________
Transports proteins
_____________
Ingest microbes
___________
Cell reproduction
Cell Motility
______ - Specialized function
________- Propulsive movements
REVEIW
Transportation of Substances
Active- Requires energy from _____
REVEIW
Transportation of Substances
Passive- No ____ required
DNA
RNA
•
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
•
Ribonucleic Acid
•
In the ______
•
In the ________
Only molecule that
reproduces itself
•
Transfers genetic
information
•
Single Strand
•
•
Double strand
Cell Division
What is another name for cell division?
What are the five stages of cell division?
CELL DIVISION
_________-
“resting” DNA replicates
_________-
Chromosomes become visible
__________-
Nuclear envelope, nucleus
disappear
_________-
Cleavage furrow appears
_________-
Nuclear envelope of both
Nuclei appear
MITOSIS
Cell _________
New identical cell has been reproduced
Replaces cells that are ________________
__________
Mitosis has ______ stages
INTERPHASE


Called the “________phase”
_______replicate
PROPHASE


First stage – _______ become organized
Spindle fibers serve as “__________”
METAPHASE
nucleolus and nuclear envelope have _______ –
_______ have aligned themselves across the
center of the cell
ANAPHASE

__________ _________ appears
TELOPHASE
Two ______appear – ______ _____ is complete
Plasma Membrane
Separates contents of the cell from
tissue fluid
_______ permeable, Allows certain
substances ____, keep
other substances _____
•Molecules of water
•Foods
•Gases
•Waste
Transportation
 ______ Transport
 _____ Transport -
Requires energy
from ATP page 49
Phago
“_____”
 Pino “___”
