Transcript unit 3. living things

ALL THE LIVING
THINGS
LIFE PROCESSES
Living things
• All living things have three things in
common.
• These three things are called life
processes:
– Nutrition.
– Reproduction.
– Interaction with the enviroment.
THE THREE LIFE
PROCESSES
1
All living things
need nutrition
• Food is used to provide energy
and to build new structures.
• Plants make their own food
using sunlight. They are called
Autotrophs.
• Animals eat plants or other
animals. That is why they are
called Heterotrophs.
2
All living things
reproduce
• They are able to produce
new living things.
• There are two basic
types:
– Asexual: involves one living
thing.
– Sexual: involves two living
things of different sexes.
Each one provides a sexual
cell called gamete.
3
All living things
interact with
the enviroment.
• All living things respond to
changes. Living things notice
changes in their surroundings
and react to them.
• Eg. Plants grow towards the
light.
• Eg. People react to the
temperature around them.
ACTIVITY 1. WHICH LIFE PROCESS REPRESENT EACH IMAGE?
ACTIVITY 2. CLASSIFY THESE LIVING THINGS AS AUTOTROPHIC
OR HETEROTROPHIC.
BIOMOLECULES
• The molecules which make up living matter are
called Biomolecules.
• The atoms that form these biomolecules are
C, H, O and N, mainly.
• There are two types of biomolecules:
– Inorganic: water and mineral salts.
– Organic: lipids, glucides, proteins and nucleic acids.
CELLS
WHAT ARE CELLS?
• Cells are the smallest unit of life. They
are the structural and functional units
for all living things.
– All living things are made up of one or more
cells.
– Cells carry out the three life processes.
– Cells come from other cells.
Parts of a Cell
Parts of a Cell
• The Cell Membrane covers the hole cell.
• The Cytoplasm is the inside of the cell.
It is a jelly-like substance. Organelles
are small structures in the cytoplasm,
and they are responsible for different
functions.
• The Nucleous: controls how cells work
and contains the hereditary information.
It is not in all cells types.
• There are two basic Types of Cells:
Prokaryotic Cells
• Are simpler: have
less types of
organelles.
• Have no nucleous.
• The genetic material
is dispersed in the
cytoplasm.
• Bacteria are made
up of prokaryotic
cells.
Eukaryotic Cells
• Have a nucleous, with a
nuclear membrane.
• The genetic material is
inside the nucleous.
• Are complex: have more
types of organelles.
• Animals, plants, fungi,
algae and protozoa are
made up of eukaryotic
cells.
ACTIVITY 3. PROKARYOTIC OR EUKARYOTIC CELL?
1. Has less organeles, is simpler 
2. Has a nucleous 
3. Genetic material is dispersed in the cytoplasm 
4. They are found in bacteria 
5. Has a lot of organelles, is complex 
6. They are found in animals, fungi, plants, protozoa and algae 
Two types of Eukaryotic Cells
Animal Cell
Shape
Rigid Cell Wall
(Made of
cellulose)
Cell Membrane
Chloroplasts.
(Organelles which
absorb the Sun’s
energy)
Vacuoles
(Organelles that
accumulate
substances)
Vegetal Cell
Shape
Rigid Cell Wall
(Made of
cellulose)
Cell Membrane
Chloroplasts.
(Organelles which
absorb the Sun’s
energy)
Vacuoles
(Organelles that
accumulate
substances)
Animal Cell
Spherical
Vegetal Cell
Hexagonal
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes.
Smaller
Bigger
• Living things can be
classified into two
different groups:
– Unicellular: living
things that have only
one cell.
– Multicellular: living
things that have
many different cells.
Multicellular Organisation
• In multicellular living things, there are
different levels of complexity:
– Tissues are groups of cells wiyh the same function.
Example: epitelial tissue (the skin), made up of
epitelial cells.
– Organs: are groups of various tissues which act
together.
Example: a muscle is an organ made up of muscle
tissue, nerve tissue, epitelial tissue and blood
tissue.
• Systems: are made up of several organs, of the same or
different type.
Examples: the muscular system is made up of muscles.
the digestive system includes different organs.
ACTIVITY 5. PUT THESE ELEMENTS IN ORDER OF COMPLEXITY.
THE FIVE
KINGDOMS
• Scientist classify all living things into five kingdoms,
by three criteria:
– Type of cells.
– How cells are grouped.
– Type of nutrition.
• Monera Kingdom:
– Unicellular prokaryotic organisms.
– Autotrophs or heterotrophs.
 Bacteria and Cyanobacteria.
• Protoctist Kingdom:
–
–
–
–
Unicellular and multicellular.
Eukaryotic Cells.
They have no tissues.
Autotrophs or heterotrophs.
 Algae and Protozoa.
• Fungi Kingdom:
–
–
–
–
Unicellular and multicellular.
Eukaryotic Cells.
They have no tissues.
Heterotrophs.
 Yeasts, Moulds, Mushrooms.
• Plant Kingdom:
–
–
–
–
Multicellular.
Eukaryotic Cells.
They have tissues.
Autotrophs.
 Mosses, Ferns, Flowering Plants.
• Animal Kingdom:
–
–
–
–
Multicellular.
Eukaryotic Cells.
They have tissues.
Heterotrophs.
 Invertebrates and Vertebrates.
ACTIVITY 6. WHICH KINGDOMS……..?
•
•
•
•
•
•
1. Are made up of unicellular living things?
2. Have eukaryotic cells?
3. Are made up of autotrophs living things?
4. Have prokaryotic cells?
5. Are made up of heterotrophs living things?
6. Are made up of multicellular living things?
WHAT IS A SPECIES?
• A species is a set of living things which:
– Are physically similar.
– Reproduce and have fertile descendants.
ACTIVITY 7. ARE THESE PAIRS FROM THE SAME SEPCIES?