Transcript Biology EOC Class

Biology EOC
Class #3
Room 221
Mrs. Gleb
Class Three Plan!
 Cells
 Photosynthesis
 Writing:
Conclusions
 Assessment – Cells
 Assessment – Photosynthesis
 Practice Test Questions (if there is time!)
Cells
Cell Theory
All
living things are composed
of cells
Cells are the basic unit of
function and structure in living
things
All cells come from pre-existing
cells
Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
 Contains
Nucleus
Prokaryotic
 No
Nucleus
organelles
present
 10-100 micrometers
 No
Organelles
 Appeared
 Appeared
 Many
later in
the fossil record
(more recent)
 1-10
micrometers
earlier in
the fossil record
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Cell Structure
Cell
Organization- Eukaryotic
cells can be divided into two
major parts
 Nucleus
Contains
the cell DNA
 Cytoplasm (area outside the
nucleus)
Function of Cell Organelles
 Vacuoles

Sack-like structures that store materials like
water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates
 Vesicles

Smaller structures that store and move
materials between cell organelles and the
cell surface
Function of Cell Organelles
 Lysosomes
 Small
organelles filled with enzymes
 Break down lipids, carbohydrates, and
proteins into small molecules
 Remove junk that would otherwise
remain inside the cell
 “clean-up” crew
Organelle Function –
Building Proteins
 Ribosomes


Small particles of RNA
Produce proteins
 Endoplasmic

Where lipids and proteins are assembled
 Golgi

Reticulum
Apparatus
Sorts and packages proteins for storage or
release
Organelle Function
Capture and Release Energy
 Chloroplasts


Found in plants
Capture energy from sunlight and convert
to food
 Mitochondria

Convert chemical energy stored in food
into compounds that are more convenient
for the cell to use
Cell Transport
Passive Transport

Passive Transport


Diffusion


Movement of materials across the cell
membrane without using cellular energy
Moving particles from areas of high
concentration to areas of low concentration
Facilitated Diffusion (Osmosis)

Molecules pass through special protein
channels – fast and specific
Osmosis – facilitated diffusion
 Osmosis

Water enters the cells through aquaporin
 Isotonic

(cell stays the same size)
Concentration of solutes is the same inside
and outside the cell
 Hypertonic

Higher concentration of solutes outside the
cell
 Hypotonic

(cell shrinks)
(cell swells)
Lower concentration of solutes outside the
cell
 Osmotic
Pressure
Active Transport
 The
movement of materials against a
concentration difference
 Molecular Transport

Small molecules and ions are carried across
membranes by proteins that act like pumps
 Bulk
Transport – larger molecules and
material are transported across
membranes


Endocytosis- taking material into the cell by
in-folding the membrane (forming pockets)
Exocytosis – releasing material to outside
the cell
Homeostasis & Cells

Homeostasis


Multicellular Life



Cells become specialized for particular tasks
Cell Specialization
Levels of Organization




Constant internal and external conditions
Tissue – group of cells that perform a task
Organ- many groups of tissue working together
Organ System – a group of organs working
together
Cellular Communication

Cells communicate through chemical signals
and receptors
Photosynthesis
Energy & Life
Chemical Energy & ATP
 ATP

Adenosine Triphosphate
 Fuel
 Storing

for cells
Energy
ADP – a way for cells to store ATP
 Releasing

Energy is released by breaking bonds
between ATP
 Using

Energy
energy
Cells keep large amounts of ADP on hand
as a way to create ATP to use
Heterotrophs & Autotrophs
 Heterotrophs
 Obtain
things
food by consuming other living
 Autotrophs
 Make
their own food
 Photosynthesis
 Converting energy of sunlight into
chemical energy stored in the bonds
of carbohydrates
Photosynthesis
 Chlorophyll
 Light
and Chloroplasts
& Color
 Plants gather the sun’s energy with
pigments
 The principal pigment is chlorophyll
 Chlorophyll absorbs light well in blueviolet & red spectrum and REFLECTS
green
 This is why plants look green!
Chloroplasts
 Chloroplasts
contain lots of saclike
membranes called thylakoids.



Thylakoids are arranged in stacks called
granum
Pigments are inside the granum
The rest of the chloroplast is fluid called
stroma
Photosynthesis
Light Dependent & Light
Independent Reactions
Light Dependent
 Reactions
that
directly involve
light and lightabsorbing
pigments
 Water is required
 Oxygen is released
as a byproduct
Light Independent
 Plants
absorb
carbon dioxide
and complete
photosynthesis by
producing sugars
 No light is needed
Light Dependent Reactions
 Generate
ATP and NADPH
 Use sunlight to convert ATP into ADP and
NADP into NADPH
 ADP and NADPH are energy carriers
 Occur in the Thylakoids
 Use Pigments
Light Independent Reactions
 Plants
use the ATP and NADPH to build
stable compounds (sugars and carbs) for
energy
 This is called the Calvin cycle
Factors that impact
Photosynthesis
 Temperature

Enzymes function best between 0 – 35
degrees Celsius
 Light

High intensity light makes the plants
photosynthesis faster
 Water

Water is a reactant that is needed
Writing on the EOC
 You
MUST write something on these
sections!
 These questions are where the most
students lose points – do not skip
them
 Carefully review each writing
question and underline the
components that your answer
should have
Types of Short Answer / Writing
Questions
 Conclusions
 Answer
the question
 Include supporting data from the IV
& DV table
 Explain how the data support your
conclusion
 Provide an explanation for the trend
in the data